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首页> 外文期刊>The Science of the Total Environment >The effect of warming on pesticide toxicity is reversed between developmental stages in the mosquito Culex pipiens
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The effect of warming on pesticide toxicity is reversed between developmental stages in the mosquito Culex pipiens

机译：在蚊子库蚊的发育阶段之间，变暖对农药毒性的影响是相反的

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摘要

A better understanding of interactions between pesticides and warming is important to improve ecological risk assessment in a warming world. Current insights are almost exclusively based on studies that exposed animals simultaneously to both warming and a pesticide and focused on effects during the pesticide exposure period and within a single developmental stage. We studied two ignored aspects of the interplay between warming and pesticide exposure: (ⅰ) the role of delayed effects after the pesticide exposure period, and (ⅱ) the dependence on the developmental stage. We carried out a longitudinal experiment from the egg stage to the adult stage in the mosquito Culex pipiens where we crossed a warming treatment (20 ℃ vs 24 ℃) with 48 h exposures to the pesticide chlorpyrifos in three developmental stages (early LI larvae, late L4 larvae and adults). Chlorpyrifos induced mild to moderate mortality in all developmental stages (10-30%). A key finding was that warming shaped the chlorpyrifos-induced mortality but in opposite directions between stages. Chlorpyrifos was 7% less toxic under warming in LI larvae, yet more toxic under warming in L4 larvae (22%) and in adult males (33%), while toxicity did not change under warming in adult females. We hypothesize that the general, stage-specific differences in the effects of warming on body size (increased size in early larvae, decreased size in later stages) caused the reversal of the effects of warming on toxicity between stages. Previous larval exposure to chlorpyrifos caused delayed effects that strongly reduced survival to the adult stage (25% at 24 ℃). Notably, warming also modulated these delayed mortality effects in opposite ways between developmental stages, matching the patterns of mortality during the pesticide exposure periods. Integrating the general stage-specific patterns of how warming shapes body size is important to advance our mechanistic understanding of the interactions between pesticides and warming.
机译：更好地了解农药与变暖之间的相互作用对于改善变暖世界中的生态风险评估至关重要。当前的见解几乎完全基于将动物同时暴露于变暖和杀虫剂的研究，并集中于杀虫剂暴露期间和单个发育阶段的影响。我们研究了升温和农药暴露之间相互作用的两个被忽略的方面：（ⅰ）农药暴露期后延迟效应的作用，（ⅱ）对发育阶段的依赖性。我们在蚊子库蚊（Pilexens）的卵期到成年期进行了一次纵向实验，在此过程中，我们经历了三个发育阶段（早期的LI幼虫，晚期的）经历了加温处理（20℃vs 24℃），暴露于农药毒死rif 48小时。 L4幼虫和成虫）。毒死rif在所有发育阶段均引起轻度至中度死亡率（10-30％）。一个关键的发现是变暖影响了毒死rif诱发的死亡率，但阶段间却相反。毒死rif的毒力在LI幼虫中变暖了7％，而在L4幼虫（22％）和成年雄性（33％）中变毒了，而毒性在成年雌性下没有变化。我们假设升温对体型的一般，特定阶段差异（幼虫体型增加，后期体型减小）导致了升温对各阶段毒性的影响的逆转。以前的幼虫接触毒死rif会导致延迟效应，从而大大降低了成年阶段的存活率（24℃时为25％）。值得注意的是，变暖还以相反的方式调节了发育阶段之间的延迟死亡率影响，与农药暴露期间的死亡率模式相匹配。整合一般阶段特定的变暖如何塑造体型的模式对于提高我们对农药与变暖之间相互作用的机械理解至关重要。

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