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Demand Response as a Market Resource Under the Smart Grid Paradigm

机译：智能电网范式下的需求响应作为市场资源

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摘要

Demand response (DR), distributed generation (DG), and distributed energy storage (DES) are important ingredients of the emerging smart grid paradigm. For ease of reference we refer to these resources collectively as distributed energy resources (DER). Although much of the DER emerging under smart grid are targeted at the distribution level, DER, and more specifically DR resources, are considered important elements for reliable and economic operation of the transmission system and the wholesale markets. In fact, viewed from transmission and wholesale operations, sometimes the term “virtual power plant” is used to refer to these resources. In the context of energy and ancillary service markets facilitated by the independent system operators (ISOs)/regional transmission organizations (RTOs), the market products DER/DR can offer may include energy, ancillary services, and/or capacity, depending on the ISO/RTO market design and applicable operational standards. In this paper we first explore the main industry drivers of smart grid and the different facets of DER under the smart grid paradigm. We then concentrate on DR and summarize the existing and evolving programs at different ISOs/RTOs and the product markets they can participate in. We conclude by addressing some of the challenges and potential solutions for implementation of DR under smart grid and market paradigms.
机译：需求响应（DR），分布式发电（DG）和分布式能量存储（DES）是新兴的智能电网范例的重要组成部分。为了便于参考，我们将这些资源统称为分布式能源（DER）。尽管智能电网下出现的许多DER是针对配电级别的，但DER（更具体地说是DR资源）被认为是传输系统和批发市场可靠，经济运行的重要因素。实际上，从输电和批发业务的角度来看，有时使用“虚拟电厂”一词来指代这些资源。在独立系统运营商（ISO）/区域传输组织（RTO）推动的能源和辅助服务市场的背景下，DER / DR可以提供的市场产品可能包括能源，辅助服务和/或容量，具体取决于ISO / RTO市场设计和适用的运营标准。在本文中，我们首先探讨智能电网的主要行业驱动因素以及智能电网范式下DER的不同方面。然后，我们专注于灾难恢复，并总结不同ISO / RTO及其可以参与的产品市场中现有的和不断发展的计划。最后，我们解决了在智能电网和市场范式下实施灾难恢复的一些挑战和潜在解决方案。

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