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Demand Response as a Market Resource Under the Smart Grid Paradigm

机译：作为智能电网范式下的市场资源需求响应

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摘要

Demand response (DR), distributed generation (DG), and distributed energy storage (DES) are important ingredients of the emerging smart grid paradigm. For ease of reference we refer to these resources collectively as distributed energy resources (DER). Although much of the DER emerging under smart grid are targeted at the distribution level, DER, and more specifically DR resources, are considered important elements for reliable and economic operation of the transmission system and the wholesale markets. In fact, viewed from transmission and wholesale operations, sometimes the term “virtual power plant” is used to refer to these resources. In the context of energy and ancillary service markets facilitated by the independent system operators (ISOs)/regional transmission organizations (RTOs), the market products DER/DR can offer may include energy, ancillary services, and/or capacity, depending on the ISO/RTO market design and applicable operational standards. In this paper we first explore the main industry drivers of smart grid and the different facets of DER under the smart grid paradigm. We then concentrate on DR and summarize the existing and evolving programs at different ISOs/RTOs and the product markets they can participate in. We conclude by addressing some of the challenges and potential solutions for implementation of DR under smart grid and market paradigms.
机译：需求响应（DR），分布式发电（DG）和分布式能量存储（DES）是新兴智能电网范例的重要成分。为了便于参考，我们将这些资源统称为分布式能源资源（DER）。虽然在智能电网下的大部分态度都是针对分配水平的目标，但更具体地说，DER和更具体地进行资源，被认为是传输系统和批发市场可靠和经济运行的重要因素。实际上，从传输和批发操作看，有时术语“虚拟电厂”用于指代这些资源。在由独立制度运营商（ISOS）/区域传输组织（RTOS）促进的能源和辅助服务市场的背景下，市场产品DER / DR可以提供，可能包括能源，辅助服务和/或能力，具体取决于ISO / RTO市场设计和适用的运营标准。在本文中，我们首先探索智能电网的主要行业驱动程序和智能电网范例下的DER的不同方面。然后，我们专注于DR并总结了不同ISOS / RTOS的现有和不断发展的计划和他们可以参与的产品市场。我们通过解决智能电网和市场范式下的博士实施博士的一些挑战和潜在解决方案。

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