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The Influence of the Relationship and Motivation on Inequity Aversion in Dogs

机译：关系和动机对狗不平等厌恶的影响

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One crucial element for the evolution of cooperation may be the sensitivity to others’ efforts and pay-offs in comparison with one’s own costs and gains. If an individual responds to a disadvantageous reward distribution, then it would likely increase its relative fitness compared with those who do not (Brosnan & de Waal, Nature 428:140, 2004). Recent experimental research indicates that sensitivity toward unequal reward distribution is not a uniquely human trait; non-human primates react to inequity if they witness a conspecific that obtains a more attractive reward for the same effort. However, primates are not the only species that cooperate and thus would benefit from inequity aversion. Canids also frequently cooperate with group members (e.g., wolves, wild dogs, etc.) or humans (domestic dogs), allowing for the possibility that they also are sensitive to the reward distribution. We report the findings of two studies of dogs’ responses to inequity and the social factors that mediate such responses. In the first study, we investigated whether domestic dogs showed a response to the inequity of rewards received for the same action in pairs of familiar dogs. We found that dogs showed significant behavioral differences when tested without food rewards when in the presence of a rewarded partner compared to the baseline and asocial control situations. This indicated that the presence of a rewarded partner matters (Range, Horn, Virányi, & Huber, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(1):340–345, 2009). In contrast to primates, dogs did not react to differences in the quality of food or effort. In the second study, we analyzed whether individual (motivational or personality) characteristics determined the response of each subject to unequal reward distributions or whether the subject’s responses depended on the specific relationship they had with its partner. We found that individual motivation and the quality of the relationship influenced the dogs’ performance in test conditions, but that these factors varied across the control and reward inequity conditions. Overall, our results suggest that inequity aversion in dogs is conditional on their and their partner’s rewards. Whether inequity aversion is based on the same mechanisms in both humans and non-human primates is still unclear.
机译：合作发展的一个关键要素可能是与他人自身的成本和收益相比，对他人的努力和回报的敏感性。如果一个人对不利的奖励分配做出反应，那么与不这样做的人相比，它的相对适应性可能会增加（Brosnan＆de Waal，Nature 428：140，2004）。最近的实验研究表明，对不均等奖励分配的敏感性不是人类特有的特征。如果非人类的灵长类动物目睹了一个同种物种，并且通过同样的努力获得了更诱人的回报，它们就会对不平等现象做出反应。然而，灵长类动物不是唯一合作的物种，因此将从不平等厌恶中受益。犬科动物还经常与小组成员（例如，狼，野狗等）或人（家犬）合作，从而使它们也可能对奖励分配敏感。我们报告了两项关于狗对不平等反应以及介导这种反应的社会因素的研究的结果。在第一项研究中，我们调查了家养犬是否对成对熟悉的犬对相同动作所获得的奖励不平等有反应。我们发现，与基线和社交控制情况相比，当在没有奖励食物的情况下进行测试时，在没有奖励食物的情况下，狗表现出明显的行为差异。这表明奖励合作伙伴的存在很重要（Range，Horn，Virányi和Huber，Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106（1）：340-345，2009年）。与灵长类动物相反，狗对食物质量或精力的差异没有反应。在第二项研究中，我们分析了个人（动机或人格）特征是否决定了每个受试者对不平等奖励分配的反应，或者受试者的反应是否取决于他们与伴侣之间的特殊关系。我们发现，个人动机和关系的质量会影响狗在测试条件下的表现，但这些因素在控制和奖励不平等条件下会有所不同。总体而言，我们的结果表明，狗的不公平厌恶取决于其和伴侣的奖励。尚不清楚人类和非人类灵长类动物是否存在不平等厌恶的相同机制。

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  • 来源
    《Social Justice Research》 |2012年第2期|p.170-194|共25页
  • 作者

    Friederike Range; Karin Leitner; Zsófia Virányi;

  • 作者单位

    Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna &amp University of Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria;

    Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria;

    Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna &amp University of Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria;

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  • 正文语种 eng
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  • 关键词

    Inequity; Motivation; Canis familiaris; Relationship quality;

    机译：不平等;动机;熟悉的犬;关系质量;

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