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Chip-Scale Molecular Clock

机译:芯片级分子钟

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摘要

An ultra-stable time-keeping device is presented, which locks its output clock frequency to the rotational-mode transition of polar gaseous molecules. Based on a high-precision spectrometer in the sub-terahertz (THz) range, our new clocking scheme realizes not only fully electronic operation but also implementations using mainstream CMOS technology. Meanwhile, the small wavelength of probing wave and high absorption intensity of our adopted molecules (carbonyl sulfide, (OCS)-O-16-C-12-S-32) also enable miniaturization of the gas cell. All these result in an "atomic-clock- grade" frequency reference with small size, power, and cost. This paper provides the architectural and chip-design details of the first proof-of-concept molecular clock using a 65-nm CMOS bulk technology. Using a 231.061-GHz phase-locked loop (PLL) with frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation and a sub-THz FET detector with integrated lock-in function, the chip probes the accurate transition frequency of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) gas inside a single-mode waveguide, and accordingly adjusts the 80-MHz output of a crystal oscillator. The clock consumes only 66 mW of dc power and has a measured Allan deviation of 3.8 x 10(-10) at an averaging time of tau = 1000 s.
机译:提出了一种超稳定的计时装置,该装置将其输出时钟频率锁定为极性气态分子的旋转模式转变。我们的新时钟方案基于亚太赫兹(THz)范围内的高精度光谱仪,不仅实现了全电子操作,还实现了使用主流CMOS技术的实现。同时,探测波的小波长和我们采用的分子(羰基硫化物,(OCS)-O-16-C-12-S-32)的高吸收强度也使气室小型化。所有这些都导致了“原子钟级”的频率基准,具有较小的尺寸,功耗和成本。本文提供了使用65纳米CMOS批量技术的第一个概念验证分子时钟的体系结构和芯片设计细节。该芯片使用具有频移键控(FSK)调制功能的231.061 GHz锁相环(PLL)和具有集成锁定功能的次THz FET检测器,可探测内部的羰基硫(OCS)气体的准确跃迁频率一个单模波导,从而调整晶体振荡器的80 MHz输出。该时钟仅消耗66 mW的直流功率,在平均时间tau = 1000 s时测得的Allan偏差为3.8 x 10(-10)。

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