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Forward Contamination of Ocean Worlds: A Stakeholder Conversation

机译:海洋世界的正向污染:利益相关者对话

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A fundamental requirement for space missions designed to touch "potential habitats" is the single number 10(-4), the allowable probability of a single Earth organism contaminating the potential habitat. Many aspects of a mission that affect its complexity and cost hardware design and manufacture, assembly and test, and mission operations are driven by this value; therefore, it is important, on the threshold of an era of exploring ocean worlds, to have confidence in it Yet, despite its long pedigree and occasional reviews, we find that the current requirement lacks programmatically defensible justification. At issue are three weaknesses: (1) microbial biology, in particular the science of extremophiles, is a rapidly changing field; (2) forward contamination (FC) is both a scientific and an ethical issue, yet no ethics-based conversation is apparent within policy-setting circles; and (3) because of these 2 factors, policy-setting cannot be static. We review the history of the requirement, how the evolving understanding of biology could drive it up or down, how the FC hazard relates to risk-management practice and to the ethics profession, and how a contemporary stakeholder conversation could adapt lessons already learned by other fields. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译:旨在接触“潜在栖息地”的太空任务的基本要求是单个数字10(-4),即单个地球生物污染潜在栖息地的允许概率。该价值驱动着任务的许多方面,这些方面会影响任务的复杂性和成本,从而影响硬件设计,制造,组装和测试以及任务运营。因此,在探索海洋世界的时代的起点上,对它具有信心很重要。尽管有很长的血统书和偶尔的评论,但我们发现当前的要求缺乏在程序上可辩护的理由。所面临的三个弱点是:(1)微生物生物学,特别是极端微生物学,是一个快速变化的领域; (2)前向污染(FC)既是一个科学问题,也是一个伦理问题,但是在政策制定圈中没有基于伦理的对话是显而易见的; (3)由于这两个因素,政策制定不可能是一成不变的。我们回顾了需求的历史,对生物学不断发展的理解如何将其推动或降低,FC危害如何与风险管理实践以及道德职业相关联,以及当代的利益相关者对话如何适应其他人已经学到的教训领域。 (C)2018 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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