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Security in space

机译：太空安全

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The United States has been engaged in multiple activities to enhance international stability and ensure the sustainability of space activities. This includes multilateral activities within the United Nations such ash the "Group of Government Experts" to study transparency and confidence building measures (TCBMs) for outer space activities. The European Union has been leading talks on a possible international space code of conduct and the United States is supportive of the process. However, European efforts have not been successful in securing support from space powers such as India and Brazil, much less China and Russia. Codes and TCBMs cannot be a substitute for the capabilities necessary to deter potential adversaries and meet U.S. alliance commitments. In fact, the viability of any such codes may rely on the development of deterrence-related capabilities, for example space situational awareness to attribute hostile acts in space. The United States and its allies should take measures to improve the resilience of space systems across the spectrum of conflict. Improving resilience can consist of both "material" and "non-material" solutions. The former include measures such as hardening space and ground systems against physical and cyber attacks. The latter can include development of alternative means of mission performance, such as the use of allied or commercial systems. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：美国参与了多项活动，以增强国际稳定并确保空间活动的可持续性。这包括联合国内部的多边活动，如“政府专家小组”，以研究外层空间活动的透明度和建立信任措施。欧洲联盟一直在领导有关可能的国际空间行为守则的谈判，而美国支持这一进程。但是，欧洲的努力未能成功地获得印度和巴西等太空大国的支持，更不用说中国和俄罗斯了。守则和TCBM不能替代阻止潜在对手和实现美国联盟承诺所需的能力。实际上，任何此类规则的可行性可能取决于与威慑有关的能力的发展，例如，将空间态势感知归因于太空中的敌对行为。美国及其盟国应采取措施，提高空间系统在整个冲突范围内的复原力。增强弹性可以包括“实质性”和“非实质性”解决方案。前者包括诸如加强空间和地面系统抵抗物理和网络攻击的措施。后者可以包括发展任务执行的替代手段，例如使用盟军或商业系统。 （C）2015 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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