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Inequality and gender inclusion: Minimum ICT policy thresholds for promoting female employment in Sub-Saharan Africa

机译：不平等和性别包容：在撒哈拉以南非洲促进女性就业的最低限度政策门槛

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The study assesses how ICT modulates the effect of inequality on female economic participation in a panel of 42 countries in sub-Saharan Africa over the period 2004-2014. Three inequality indicators are used, namely: the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index and the Palma ratio. The adopted ICT indicators are mobile phone penetration, internet penetration and fixed broadband subscriptions. Three gender economic inclusion indicators are also used for the analysis, namely: female labour force participation, female unemployment and female employment. The Generalised Method of Moments is employed as empirical strategy. The findings show that enhancing ICT beyond certain thresholds is necessary for ICT to mitigate inequality in order to enhance gender economic participation. First, for female labour force participation, a minimum threshold of 165.714 mobile phone penetration per 100 people is required for the Palma ratio. Second, minimum ICT thresholds for the reduction of female unemployment are: (i) 87.783, 107.486 and 152.500 mobile phone penetration per 100 people for respectively, the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index and the Palma ratio; (ii) 39.618 internet penetration per 100 people for the Atkinson index and (iii) 4.500 fixed broadband subscritptions for the Palma ratio. Third, the corresponding ICT thresholds for the promotion of female employment are: (i) 120.369 and 85.533 mobile phone penetration per 100 people for respectively, the Gini coefficient and the Atkinson index and (ii) 30.005 internet penetration per 100 people for the Gini coefficient. The established thresholds make economic sense and can be feasibly implemented by policy makers in order to induce favourable effects on gender economic inclusion dynamics.
机译：该研究评估了ICT在2004 - 2014年期间在撒哈拉以南非洲42个国家小组对女性经济参与的影响。使用三种不等式指标，即：基尼系数，阿特金森指数和帕尔马比率。采用的ICT指标是手机渗透，互联网渗透和固定宽带订阅。三项性别经济包容指标也用于分析，即：女性劳动力参与，女性失业和女性就业。作为经验策略的广义时刻的普遍性方法。调查结果表明，超越某些阈值的增强ICT是ICT减轻不平等的必要条件，以提高性别经济参与。首先，对于女性劳动力参与，Palma比率需要每100人的165.714手机渗透的最低阈值。其次，减少女性失业的最低ICT门槛是：（i）分别为每100人，基尼系数，阿特金森指数和帕尔马比例的移动电话渗透率为：（i）87.783，107.486和152.500; （ii）39.618互联网渗透每100人为阿特金森指数和（iii）4.500固定宽带资本的帕尔马比例。三，对促进女性就业的相应ICT门槛是：（i）每100人分别为120.369和85.533手机渗透，基尼系数和阿特金森指数和（ii）每100人30.005互联网渗透为基尼系数。既定的门槛是经济意义，可以通过决策者可行实施，以便对性别经济含有动态引起有利影响。

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