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Effects of data localization on digital trade: An agent-based modeling approach

机译：数据定位对数字交易的影响：基于代理的建模方法

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Post the Snowden and Cambridge Analytica episodes, concerns have been raised by governments and regulators on protecting consumer data collected and transmitted by various digital firms. Driven by concerns of privacy, national security, surveillance, and cyber terrorism, governments around the world have been erecting barriers in cyberspace through data localization. The extent of data localization varies from free flow of data, to stringent restrictions requiring all data to be stored only within the territorial jurisdiction of the country. Though there are certain legitimate concerns regarding protection of personal data, scholars and liberal economists have long proclaimed that any restrictions on the Internet and associated digital trade will have serious economic consequences. Data localization affects digital trade between consumers and producers of digital services to varying degrees. In this paper, we use agent based modeling to study the properties and behaviours of consumers and producers under varying data localization regimes. An augmented gravity model of trade with iceberg coefficient is incorporated to reflect distancerelated costs between producers and consumers. Varying data localization compliance costs are included to reflect the effect of non-tariff barriers of data restrictions. Our extensive simulations indicate that there is often clustering of consumers around local firms in highly restrictive data localization regimes, thus enabling local firms to effectively compete against global multinationals. However, results also indicate that while free cross-border data flow enables intense competition amongst producers, data localization restrictions often limit consumer choice due to its effect on price and quality of services.
机译：发布斯诺登和剑桥分析剧集，各国政府和监管机构提出了担忧，以保护各种数字公司收集和传播的消费者数据。受到隐私，国家安全，监督和网络恐怖主义的担忧，世界各地政府通过数据本地化建立了网络空间的障碍。数据定位的程度因数据的自由流量而异，严格限制，要求所有数据只能存储在该国的领土管辖范围内。虽然有关个人数据的保护有一定的合法担忧，但是，学者和自由主义经济学家长期以来宣称对互联网和相关数字贸易的任何限制将具有严重的经济后果。数据本地化影响消费者和数字服务生产商之间的数字交易到不同程度。在本文中，我们使用基于代理的建模来研究消费者和生产者在不同数据本地化制度下的性质和行为。冰山系数的增强重力模型被纳入，以反映生产者和消费者之间的距离。包括不同的数据定位合规成本，以反映数据限制的非关税障碍的影响。我们广泛的模拟表明，在高度限制的数据本地化制度中，当地公司周围的消费者通常会集群，从而使当地公司能够有效地竞争全球跨国公司。然而，结果还表明，虽然自由跨境数据流能够在生产者中实现激烈的竞争，但数据本地化限制通常会限制消费者选择，因为它对业务质量和服务质量的影响。

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