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Trend and interannual variability of temperature in Malaysia: 1961-2002

机译：马来西亚的温度趋势和年际变化：1961-2002

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摘要

This paper investigates the warming trend and interannual variability of surface air temperatures in the Malaysian region during the period 1961-2002. The trend analyses show that most regions in Malaysia experience warming over the period at comparable rates to those in regions surrounding the Bay of Bengal. The regions of Peninsular Malaysia and northern Borneo experience warming rates of between 2.7-4.0 ℃/100 years. However, the warming rates are lower in the south-western region of Borneo. The interannual variability of Malaysian temperature is largely dominated by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Regardless of the warming trends, all regions in Malaysia experience uniform warming during an El Nino event, particularly during the October-November-December (OND) and the January-February-March (JFM) periods. This uniform warming is associated with the latent heat released from the central eastern Pacific region and forced adiabatic subsidence in the Maritime Continent during an El Nino event. During its early development period i.e. during the July-August-September (JAS) season, the El Nino's impact on the Malaysian temperatures is relatively weak compare to its influence during the OND and JFM seasons. However, the warming continues to the April-May-June (AMJ) season although during this period the anomalous conditions in the eastern central Pacific have begun or have returned to normal. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode exerts an influence on Malaysian temperatures. When it co-occurs with ENSO, it tends to weaken the ENSO influence particularly during an OND period. However, it appears to have an appreciable influence only during an AMJ period when it occurs in the absence of an ENSO event. Despite the strong influence of the ENSO, the warming rates during the 42-year period appears to be least affected by interannual variability.
机译：本文研究了1961-2002年期间马来西亚地区的地表气温变暖趋势和年际变化。趋势分析显示，马来西亚大部分地区在此期间经历的变暖速度与孟加拉湾周围地区的增速相当。马来西亚半岛和婆罗洲北部地区的变暖速率介于2.7-4.0℃/ 100年之间。但是，婆罗洲西南部的升温速度较低。马来西亚气温的年际变化主要由厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）决定。无论变暖趋势如何，马来西亚所有地区在厄尔尼诺现象期间都会经历均匀变暖，尤其是在10月-11月-12月（OND）和1月-2月-3月（JFM）期间。这种均匀的变暖与厄尔尼诺事件期间从太平洋东部中部地区释放出的潜热以及海陆中的绝热沉陷有关。相较于OND和JFM季节，厄尔尼诺现象在发展初期，即7月至8月（JAS）季节，对马来西亚气温的影响相对较弱。然而，变暖一直持续到4月-5月-6月（AMJ）季节，尽管在此期间中东部太平洋的异常状况已经开始或已经恢复正常。印度洋偶极子（IOD）模式会对马来西亚的温度产生影响。当它与ENSO同时出现时，特别是在OND期间，它倾向于减弱ENSO的影响。但是，它似乎仅在AMS期间（在没有ENSO事件的情况下发生）才具有可观的影响。尽管ENSO的影响很大，但42年期间的变暖率似乎受年际变化的影响最小。

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