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The curse of hope

机译:希望的诅咒

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摘要

In Kőszegi and Rabin’s (Q J Econ 1133–1165, 2006, Am Econ Rev 97:1047–1073, 2007) reference-dependent model of preferences, the chance of obtaining a better outcome can reduce an agent’s expected utility through an increase in the stochastic reference point. This means that individuals may prefer stochastically dominated lotteries. In this sense, hope, understood as a small probability of a better outcome, can be a curse. While Kőszegi and Rabin focus on a linear specification of the utility function, we show that this effect occurs more broadly. Using fairly plausible assumptions and parameter values, we specify the conditions under which it occurs, as well as the type of lotteries in which this should be expected. We then show that while a simple subjective transformation of probability into weights of the reference point may in some cases mitigate the issue, in others, it can intensify it or even generate new ones. Finally, we extend the model by adding the individual’s current reference point (status quo) to the stochastic reference point. We show that this modification can reconcile Kőszegi and Rabin’s model with the apparent empirical infrequency of stochastically dominated choices while maintaining its main qualitative results.
机译:在Kőszegi和Rabin(QJ Econ 1133-1165,2006,Am Econ Rev 97:1047–1073,2007)的参考依赖偏好模型中,获得更好结果的机会可能会通过随机性的增加而降低代理商的预期效用。参照点。这意味着个人可能更喜欢随机支配的彩票。从这个意义上说,希望(被理解为取得更好结果的可能性很小)可能是一种诅咒。尽管Kőszegi和Rabin着眼于效用函数的线性规范,但我们证明了这种影响发生的范围更广。使用相当合理的假设和参数值,我们指定了发生这种情况的条件以及预期发生这种情况的彩票类型。然后,我们表明,虽然在某些情况下,将概率简单地主观转换为参考点的权重可能会缓解问题,但在其他情况下,它可能加剧问题甚至产生新的问题。最后,我们通过将个人的当前参考点(现状)添加到随机参考点来扩展模型。我们表明,这种修改可以使Kőszegi和Rabin的模型与随机主导的选择的明显经验性频率不谋而合,同时保持其主要定性结果。

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