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Nanomechanical mapping of graphene layers and interfaces in suspended graphene nanostructures grown via carbon diffusion

机译：通过碳扩散生长的悬浮石墨烯纳米结构中石墨烯层和界面的纳米力学映射

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摘要

Graphene's remarkable mechanical, electronic and thermal properties are strongly determined by both the mechanism of its growth and its interaction with the underlying substrate. Evidently, in order to explore the fundamentals of these mechanisms, efficient nanoscale methods that enable observation of features hidden underneath the immediate surface are needed. In this paper we use nanomechanical mapping via ultrasonic force microscopy that employs MHz frequency range ultrasonic vibrations and allows the observation of surface composition and subsurface interfaces with nanoscale resolution, to elucidate the morphology of few layer graphene (FLG) films produced via a recently reported method of carbon diffusion growth (CDG) on platinum-metal based substrate. CDG is known to result in FLG suspended over large areas, which could be of high importance for graphene transfer and applications where a standalone graphene film is required. This study directly reveals the detailed mechanism of CDG three-dimensional growth and FLG film detachment, directly linking the level of graphene decoupling with variations of the substrate temperature during the annealing phase of growth. We also show that graphene initially and preferentially decouples at the substrate grain boundaries, likely due to its negative expansion coefficient at cooling, forming characteristic "nano-domes" at the intersections of the grain boundaries. Furthermore, quantitative nanomechanical mapping of flexural stiffness of suspended FLG "nano-domes" using kHz frequency range force modulation microscopy uncovers the progression of "nano-dome" stiffness from single to bi-modal distribution as CDG growth progresses, suggesting growth instability at advanced CDG stages.
机译：石墨烯的非凡机械，电子和热学性能受其生长机理及其与下层基材相互作用的强烈影响。显然，为了探索这些机制的基础，需要能够观察隐藏在直接表面之下的特征的有效纳米级方法。在本文中，我们使用通过超声力显微镜的纳米力学制图，该过程利用MHz频率范围的超声振动，并允许以纳米级分辨率观察表面组成和次表面界面，以阐明通过最近报道的方法生产的几层石墨烯（FLG）膜的形态。铂金属基衬底上的碳扩散生长（CDG）的变化。众所周知，CDG会导致FLG悬浮在大面积上，这对于石墨烯转移和需要独立石墨烯薄膜的应用而言具有重要意义。这项研究直接揭示了CDG三维生长和FLG膜分离的详细机制，将石墨烯去耦水平与生长退火阶段中衬底温度的变化直接联系在一起。我们还表明，石墨烯可能会由于其在冷却时的负膨胀系数而在基材晶粒边界处开始且优先解耦，从而在晶粒边界的交点处形成特征性的“纳米圆顶”。此外，使用kHz频率范围力调制显微镜对悬浮的FLG“纳米球”的弯曲刚度进行定量的纳米力学映射，揭示了随着CDG的生长，“纳米球”的刚度从单峰分布到双峰分布的过程，表明在晚期时，生长不稳定CDG阶段。

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  • 来源
    《Thin Solid Films》 |2014年第1期|472-479|共8页
  • 作者

    B.J. Robinson; C. Rabot; R. Mazzocco; A. Delamoreanu; A. Zenasni; O.V. Kolosov;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK;

    CEA-LETI-Minatec Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 09, France;

    Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK;

    Microelectronics Technology Laboratory (LTM), Joseph Fourier University, French National Research Center (CNRS), 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France;

    CEA-LETI-Minatec Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 09, France;

    Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK;

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  • 正文语种 eng
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  • 关键词

    Graphene; Carbon diffusion growth; Ultrasonic force microscopy; Nanomechanics; Graphene nano-domes;

    机译：石墨烯碳扩散增长;超声波显微镜纳米力学;石墨烯纳米球;

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