In december 1961, waltraud niebank stood in East Berlin's Pankow Cemetery. Her husband lived in the western section of the city, and a few months before, their life, the cemetery-and Berlin-had been divided by a cinder-block barrier, part of a fortification some 100 miles (160 km) long that would eventually consist of reinforced-concrete panels, a second fence and a "death strip" patrolled by snipers. Berliners came to know it simply as die Mauer-the Wall.
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