MOVING THE CHANGING U.S. ENERGY MIX BY MULTIMODAL FREIGHT

MARK J. CARR

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MOVING THE CHANGING U.S. ENERGY MIX BY MULTIMODAL FREIGHT

机译：通过多式联运移动不断变化的美国能源比重

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The structural shifts in U.S. energy production and consumption are changing the locations of energy trade lanes and the commodities and volumes transported. The transportation of plentiful and low-cost energy products on U.S. multimodal freight systems presents many uncertainties, including the effects of government regulations and incentives on emerging and traditional energy markets. At the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Annual Meeting in January 2015, the Standing Committee on Inland Water Transportation, the Marine Group, and the Freight Systems Group sponsored a session, "Will the Changing U.S. Energy Mix Transform Multimodal Freight Systems?" exploring the policy, infrastructure, and delivery issues associated with the changing U.S. energy portfolio.

机译：美国能源生产和消费的结构性变化正在改变能源贸易通道的位置以及所运输的商品和数量。美国多式联运货运系统上大量廉价能源产品的运输存在许多不确定性，包括政府法规和激励措施对新兴和传统能源市场的影响。在2015年1月的运输研究委员会（TRB）年度会议上，内陆水运常务委员会，海洋集团和货运系统集团赞助了会议，“不断变化的美国能源结构会转变多式联运货运系统吗？”探索与不断变化的美国能源组合相关的政策，基础架构和交付问题。

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《TR news》 |2015年第298期|14-17|共4页
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MARK J. CARR;
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Channel Design Group, Edwardsville, Illinois;

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1. Effect of mass on multimodal fuel consumption in moving people and freight in the U.S. [J] . Sullivan John L., Lewis Geoffrey M., Keoleian Gregory A. Transportation Research . 2018,第AUGa期

机译：在美国，质量对运送人员和货运中多式联运燃料消耗的影响
2. EIA: CHANGING U.S. ENERGY MIX REFLECTS GROWING USE OF NATURAL GAS, PETROLEUM AND RENEWABLES [J] . Fuel Oil News group Fuel Oil News . 2016,第9期

机译：EIA：不断变化的美国能源混合物反映了天然气，石油和可再生能源的日益使用
3. GAO: Government's Efforts To Change U.S. Energy Mix Disappointing [J] . Susan Parker Natural gas intelligence . 2008,第27期

机译：GAO：政府为改变美国能源结构所做的努力令人失望
4. Methodology for estimating ton-miles of goods movements for U.S. freight multimodal network system [C] . Francisco Moraes Oliveira-Neto, Shih Miao Chin, Ho-ling Hwang, Transportation Research Board Annual meeting . 2013

机译：估算美国货运多式联运网络系统货物移动的吨英里数的方法
5. Quantifying Carbon Exchange in Midwest U.S. Bioenergy Cropping Systems after Land-use Change: The Effects of Drought and Uncertainty in Model Predictions. [D] . Cruse, Michael J. 2015

机译：量化土地用途变更后美国中西部生物能源作物种植系统中的碳交换：干旱和不确定性对模型预测的影响。
6. Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks: Consumption Patterns and Motivations for Use in U.S. College Students [O] . Cecile A. Marczinski 2011

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7. The thermodynamic changes that occur upon mixing five models of formamide and three models of water, including the miscibility of these model combinations itself, is studied by performing Monte Carlo computer simulations using an appropriately chosen thermodynamic cycle and the method of thermodynamic integration. The results show that the mixing of these two components is close to the ideal mixing, as both the energy and entropy of mixing turn out to be rather close to the ideal term in the entire composition range. Concerning the energy of mixing, the OPLS/AA-mod model of formamide behaves in a qualitatively different way than the other models considered. Thus, this model results in negative, while the other ones in positive energy of mixing values in combination with all three water models considered. Experimental data supports this latter behavior. Although the Helmholtz free energy of mixing always turns out to be negative in the entire composition range, the majority of the model combinations tested either show limited miscibility, or, at least, approach the miscibility limit very closely in certain compositions. Concerning both the miscibility and the energy of mixing of these model combinations, we recommend the use of the combination of the CHARMM formamide and TIP4P water models in simulations of water-formamide mixtures. [O] . Kiss, Bálint, Fábián, Balázs, Idrissi, Abdenacer, 2017

机译：通过使用适当选择的热力学循环和热力学积分方法进行蒙特卡罗计算机模拟，研究了将五种甲酰胺模型和三种水模型混合在一起时发生的热力学变化，包括这些模型组合本身的可混溶性。结果表明这两种组分的混合接近于理想的混合，因为混合的能量和熵在整个组成范围内都非常接近理想的项。关于混合的能量，甲酰胺的OPLS / AA-mod模型与其他模型相比，在质量上有不同的表现。因此，该模型得出的结果是负的，而其他模型则综合考虑了所有三个水模型的结果的正能量。实验数据支持后一种行为。尽管混合的亥姆霍兹自由能在整个组成范围内始终为负，但大多数测试模型组合显示出有限的混溶性，或至少非常接近某些组合物的混溶性极限。关于这些模型组合的可混溶性和混合能量，我们建议在水-甲酰胺混合物的模拟中使用CHARMM甲酰胺和TIP4P水模型的组合。

MOVING THE CHANGING U.S. ENERGY MIX BY MULTIMODAL FREIGHT

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