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Psychophysical assessment of a driver's mental state in autonomous vehicles

机译：在自治车辆中驾驶员心理状态的心理物理评估

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摘要

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the development of autonomous vehicles. However, some of the challenges that are associated with autonomous vehicles are yet to be resolved. Here, we investigate the user dependence on autonomous control in autopilot vehicles. Further, we verify whether drivers can control the vehicles in an appropriate manner after a system failure based on the range of biometric data. The participants in this study experienced three scenarios in a driving simulator: manual-driving, autonomous-driving, and system-failure scenarios, which forced the participants to resume manual control. The data obtained from salivary amylase depict that drivers tend to be anxious while performing the transition from the manual-driving scenario to the autonomous-driving scenario; however, all drivers have to be accustomed with the system in order to drive using a driving simulator. Thus, the difference of anxiety between various drivers is observed to be suppressed. The seat pressure data illustrate that an area having a value equal to 95% of the probability-deviation ellipse during the second day of the manual-driving and autonomous-driving scenarios is observed to have the largest value from among each driving scenario, which seems to be caused due to the driver's concentration or fatigue. Further, the systolic blood pressures of all the drivers increased with time. However, in the autonomous-driving scenario, the average relative systolic blood pressure is, on the whole, higher than that in the manual-driving scenario. It is suggested that the drivers had never previously used an autonomous-driving system and that he/she may be uncomfortable or uneasy to autonomously control the brake, accelerator, and steering wheel. Additionally, after a system failure during the manual-driving scenario, the behavior is observed to be similar to that in the initial manual-driving scenario, and the totally average relative systolic blood pressure is higher than that during the initial manual-driving scenario. This indicates that the drivers' mental workload is relatively low during the autonomous-driving scenario because they do not experience any stress from driving. However, the drivers' systolic blood pressure increased because of the transition from autonomous driving to manual control and because of the mental workload to control the vehicle on their own just after using an autonomous-driving system. From the viewpoint of the brain activity in the left frontal lobe, the data indicates that the drivers' cognition level during autonomous driving is lower than that during manual driving and that the declining tendency of the average relative hemoglobin concentration is remarkable during the manual-driving scenario after encountering a system failure. This is because the driver feels that he/she may commit mistakes during manual driving. Additionally, if he/she is driving an autonomous vehicle and if the autonomous-driving system failed, he/she does not need to pay attention to the surrounding subjects and control the vehicle. The eye-gaze data indicate that "mind distraction" occurred in the participants while resuming control after a system failure because their brain activity at this instance was relatively low. Our results indicate that drivers who depend on autonomous control systems experience stress upon switching to manual control after a system failure.
机译：最近，对自动车辆的发展越来越兴趣。然而，与自动车辆相关的一些挑战尚未得到解决。在这里，我们调查用户对自动驾驶车辆中的自主控制的依赖。此外，我们验证驱动器是否可以在基于生物识别数据范围的系统故障后以适当的方式控制车辆。本研究中的参与者在驾驶模拟器中经历了三种情况：手动驾驶，自主驾驶和系统故障方案，该方案强迫参与者恢复手动控制。从唾液淀粉酶中获得的数据描述了驾驶员倾向于在从手动驾驶场景到自主驾驶场景中的过渡时焦虑;但是，所有驱动程序都必须习惯该系统，以便使用驾驶模拟器驾驶。因此，观察到各种驱动器之间的焦虑差异被抑制。座位压力数据说明，观察到在手动驾驶和自主驱动场景的第二天期间具有等于概率偏差椭圆的值的一个区域以具有从每个驾驶场景中的最大值似乎由于驾驶员的浓度或疲劳而导致。此外，所有司机的收缩压随时间而增加。然而，在自主驾驶场景中，整体上的平均相对收缩压比手动驾驶场景中的平均相对收缩压。建议司机从未使用过自主驾驶系统，并且他/她可能是不舒服的或不安，可以自主控制制动器，加速器和方向盘。另外，在手动驾驶场景期间系统发生故障之后，观察到该行为与初始手动驾驶场景中的行为类似，并且完全平均相对收缩压血压高于初始手动驾驶场景期间的相对收缩压。这表明在自主驱动方案期间驱动程序的心理工作量相对较低，因为它们不会遇到任何驾驶压力。然而，由于从自动驾驶到手动控制，并且由于心理工作量在使用自主驱动系统之后，因此驾驶员的收缩压增加。从左前叶的大脑活动的角度来看，数据表明自主行动期间的驱动器的认知水平低于手动驾驶期间的认知水平，并且在手动驾驶期间平均相对血红蛋白浓度的平均相对血红蛋白浓度的下降趋势是显着的遇到系统故障后的场景。这是因为司机认为他/她可能会在手动驾驶期间犯错误。此外，如果他/她正在驾驶自主车辆，如果自主驱动系统失败，他/她不需要注意周围对象并控制车辆。眼睛凝视数据表明参与者在系统故障后恢复控制的同时发生“思维分散注意力”，因为在这种情况下的大脑活动相对较低。我们的结果表明，在系统故障后，依赖自动控制系统依赖自治控制系统的驾驶员体验压力。

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