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Marginal costs of freeway traffic congestion with on-road pollution exposure externality

机译：高速公路交通拥堵的边际成本与道路污染暴露的外部性

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The health cost of on-road air pollution exposure is a component of traffic marginal costs that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road pollution exposure as an externality of traffic, particularly important during traffic congestion when on-road pollution exposure is highest. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road pollution exposure in addition to time, fuel, and pollution emissions components. The marginal external cost of on-road exposure includes terms for the marginal vehicle's emissions, the increased emissions from all vehicles caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle, and the additional exposure duration for all travelers caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle. A sensitivity analysis shows that on-road pollution exposure can be a large portion (18%) of marginal social costs of traffic flow near freeway capacity, ranging from 4% to 38% with different exposure parameters. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare loss because of sub-optimal tolls. While regional pollution generates greater costs in uncongested conditions, on-road exposure comes to dominate health costs on congested freeways because of increased duration and intensity of exposure. The estimated marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road exposure costs reduces the magnitudes of projects required to cover implementation costs for intelligent transportation system (ITS) improvements; the net benefits of road-pricing ITS systems are increased more than the net benefits of ITS traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road exposure costs greatly increases heavy-duty vehicle marginal costs because of their higher emissions rates and greater roadway capacity utilization. Lastly, there are large uncertainties associated with the parameters utilized in the estimation of health outcomes that are a function of travel pollution intensity and duration. More research is needed to develop on-road exposure modeling tools that link repeated short-duration exposure and health outcomes.
机译：道路空气污染暴露的健康成本是交通边际成本的组成部分，以前尚未进行评估。本文的主要目的是介绍道路污染暴露作为交通的外部性，在道路污染暴露最高的交通拥堵期间尤其重要。建立了边际私人成本和外部成本方程，除了时间，燃料和污染排放成分外，还包括道路污染暴露。道路暴露的边际外部成本包括以下条件：边际车辆的排放，边际车辆的额外拥堵导致所有车辆的排放增加，以及边际车辆的额外拥堵导致所有旅行者的暴露时间延长。敏感性分析表明，道路污染暴露可能占高速公路通行能力附近交通流量边际社会成本的很大一部分（18％），对于不同的暴露参数，其范围为4％至38％。在最佳定价方案中，由于通行费不理想，因此排除公路暴露的外部性可能导致6％的剩余福利损失。尽管在无拥挤的条件下区域污染会产生更高的成本，但由于暴露的持续时间和强度增加，因此在拥挤的高速公路上，道路暴露占主导地位的卫生成本。估计的边际成本和收益曲线表明，理论上偏爱价格控制以解决外部性问题。包括公路暴露成本降低了为改善智能交通系统（ITS）的实施成本而需要的项目规模；道路定价ITS系统的净收益比ITS交通流量改善的净收益增加得更多。当考虑不同的车辆类别时，由于其较高的排放率和较高的道路通行能力，将道路暴露成本包括在内会大大增加重型车辆的边际成本。最后，与旅行污染强度和持续时间有关的健康结果估计中使用的参数存在很大的不确定性。需要开发更多的道路暴露建模工具，以将重复的短期暴露与健康结果联系起来。

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