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Should subsidies to urban passenger transport be increased? A spatial CGE analysis for a German metropolitan area

机译：是否应该增加对城市旅客运输的补贴？德国大都市区的空间CGE分析

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In many countries passenger transport is significantly subsidized in a variety of ways for various reasons. The objective of this paper is to examine efficiency, distributional, environmental (CO_2 emissions) and spatial effects of increasing different kinds of passenger transport subsidies discriminating between household types, travel purposes and travel modes. The effects are calculated by applying a numerical spatial general equilibrium approach calibrated to an average German metropolitan area. In extension to most studies focusing on only one kind of subsidy, we compare the effects of different transport subsidies within the same unified framework that allows to account for two features not yet considered simultaneously in studies on transport subsidies: endogenous labor supply and location decisions. Furthermore, congestion, travel mode choice, travel related CO_2 emissions and institutional details regarding the tax system in Germany are taken into account. The results suggest that optimal subsidy levels are either small or even zero. While subsidizing public transport is welfare enhancing, subsidies to urban road traffic reduce aggregate urban welfare. Concerning the latter it is shown that making investments in urban road infrastructure capacity or reducing gasoline taxes may even be harmful to residents using predominantly automobile. In contrast, pure commuting subsidies hardly affect aggregate urban welfare, but distributional effects are substantial. All policies cause suburbanization of city residents and (except for subsidizing public transport) contribute to urban sprawl by raising the spatial imbalance of residences and jobs but the effect is relatively small. In addition, the policies induce a very differentiated pattern regarding distributional effects, benefits of landowners and environmental effects.
机译：在许多国家，出于各种原因，以各种方式为旅客运输提供了大量补贴。本文的目的是研究效率，分布，环境（CO_2排放）和空间效应，这些效应是对区分家庭类型，出行目的和出行方式的各种客运补贴的增加。效果是通过应用数值空间一般均衡方法计算得出的，该方法已校准到德国大都会的平均面积。除了大多数只关注一种补贴的研究之外，我们在同一统一框架内比较了不同运输补贴的效果，该框架可以解释运输补贴研究中尚未同时考虑的两个特征：内生劳动力供给和选址决策。此外，还要考虑交通拥堵，出行方式选择，与出行相关的CO_2排放以及有关德国税收制度的机构详细信息。结果表明，最佳补贴水平很小，甚至为零。对公共交通的补贴可以增进福利，而对城市道路交通的补贴则会减少总体的城市福利。关于后者，事实表明，对城市道路基础设施建设能力进行投资或降低汽油税甚至可能对主要使用汽车的居民有害。相比之下，单纯的通勤补贴几乎不会影响总体的城市福利，但是分配效应却是巨大的。所有政策都会导致城市居民郊区化，并且（补贴公共交通除外）会通过增加居住和工作的空间失衡来加剧城市扩张，但效果相对较小。此外，这些政策在分配效应，土地所有者的利益和环境效应方面引起了非常不同的模式。

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