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The determinants of long distance travel in Great Britain

机译：英国长途旅行的决定因素

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摘要

This study analyses of the determinants of long distance travel in Great Britain using data from the 1995-2006 National Travel Surveys (NTSs). The main objective is to determine the effects of socio-economic, demographic and geographic factors on long distance travel. The estimated models express the distance travelled for long distance journeys as a function of income, gender, age, employment status, household characteristics, area of residence, size of municipality, type of residence and length of time living in the area. A time trend is also included to capture common changes in long distance travel over time not included in the explanatory variables. Separate models are estimated for total travel, travel by each of four modes (car, rail, coach and air), travel by five purposes (business, commuting, leisure, holiday and visiting friends and relatives (VFRs)) and two journey lengths (<150 miles and 150+ miles one way), as well as the 35 mode-purpose-distance combinations. The results show that long distance travel is strongly related to income: air is most income-elastic, followed by rail, car and finally coach. This is the case for most journey pur poses and distance bands. Notable is the substantial difference in income elasticities for rail for business/commuting as opposed to holiday/leisure/VFR. In addition, the income elastic ity for coach travel is very low, and zero for the majority of purpose-distance bands, suggest ing coach travel to be an inferior mode in comparison to car, rail and air. Regarding journey distance, we find that longer distance journeys are more income elastic than shorter jour neys. For total long distance travel, the study indicates that women travel less than men, the elderly less than younger people, the employed and students more than others, those in one adult households more than those in larger households and those in households with children less than those without. Long distance travel is also lowest for individuals living in London and greatest for those in the South West, and increases as the size of the munic ipality declines.
机译：这项研究使用1995-2006年国家旅行调查（NTSs）中的数据分析了英国长途旅行的决定因素。主要目的是确定社会经济，人口和地理因素对长途旅行的影响。估计模型将长途旅行的距离表示为收入，性别，年龄，就业状况，家庭特征，居住地区，城市规模，居住类型和在该地区居住时间的函数。还包括一个时间趋势，以捕获说明变量中未包括的长距离旅行随时间的常见变化。分别针对总行程，四种模式（汽车，铁路，长途汽车和飞机）的行程，五种目的（商务，通勤，休闲，度假和探亲访友（VFR）的行程）和两种行程长度（ <150英里和150+英里的单向），以及35种模式-目的-距离组合。结果表明，长途旅行与收入密切相关：空气是最有弹性的收入来源，其次是铁路，汽车和火车。大多数旅行姿势和距离段都是这种情况。值得注意的是，商务/通勤铁路的收入弹性与假期/休闲/ VFR相比有显着差异。此外，长途旅行的收入弹性很低，在大多数目的距离范围内为零，这表明长途旅行与汽车，铁路和飞机相比是一种劣等模式。关于路程，我们发现长途旅行比短途旅行更具收入弹性。对于总的长途旅行，研究表明，妇女旅行比男子少，老年人比年轻人少，从业人员和学生比其他人多，一个成年家庭的人数比大家庭和有子女的家庭少的人数更多。那些没有。长途旅行对于居住在伦敦的人来说也是最低的，而对于西南地区的人来说则是最大的，并且随着城市人际关系的减少而增加。

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