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Transportation related carbon, energy and water footprint analysis of U.S. manufacturing: An eco-efficiency assessment

机译：美国制造业与运输相关的碳，能源和水足迹分析：生态效率评估

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In this paper, two-step hierarchical methodology is utilized to quantify the transportation related carbon, energy and water footprint (FP) of nation's manufacturing sectors and evaluate the environmental vs. economic performance based on eco-efficiency scores. The methodology consists of an integrated application of the economic input output life cycle assessment (EIO-LCA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approaches. In the first phase, EIO-LCA is employed to quantify the environmental impacts associated with the activities between 276 manufacturing sectors and the transportation industry and the second phase compares the overall environmental impact vs. economic benefit tradeoff by determining the eco-efficiency value of each sector. Results of EIO-LCA indicated that food manufacturing is found to be as the major driver of carbon, energy and water FP categories with an approximate share of 22% of the total impact on freight transportation activities in the transportation industry. Additionally, based on DEA-based sustainability performance assessment results, vast majority of U.S. manufacturing sectors were found to be inefficient (eco-efficiency ＜1). Only tobacco manufacturing was found to be eco-efficient among 53 major manufacturing sectors and the U.S. average was obtained as 0.5. Results indicated that inefficient U.S. manufacturing sectors need to reach an average reduction of 50% on the carbon, energy and water FP impacts to reach the 100% eco-efficiency frontier. Additionally, the weight of the transported goods was incorporated into the economic output as $/ton-km carriage, which yielded highly correlated results with the initial assessment based on total economic output only.
机译：在本文中，采用了两步分层方法来量化与国家制造业相关的运输相关碳，能源和水足迹（FP），并根据生态效率得分评估环境与经济绩效。该方法包括经济投入产出生命周期评估（EIO-LCA）和数据包络分析（DEA）方法的综合应用。在第一阶段，采用EIO-LCA量化与276个制造业部门和运输业之间的活动相关的环境影响，第二阶段通过确定每个环境的生态效率值，比较整体环境影响与经济利益的权衡部门。 EIO-LCA的结果表明，食品制造业是碳，能源和水FP类别的主要驱动力，约占运输行业货运活动总影响的22％。此外，根据基于DEA的可持续发展绩效评估结果，发现美国绝大多数制造业部门效率低下（生态效率＜1）。在53个主要制造业中，只有烟草制造业具有生态效益，而美国的平均值为0.5。结果表明，效率低下的美国制造业需要将碳，能源和水FP的影响平均减少50％，才能达到100％的生态效率边界。此外，运输货物的重量以美元/吨·公里的运输量计入经济产出，这与仅基于总经济产出的初步评估产生了高度相关的结果。

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