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Household structure and gender differences in travel time: spouse/partner presence, parenthood, and breadwinner status

机译：家庭结构和出行时间上的性别差异：配偶/伴侣的存在，父母身份和养家糊口的人的地位

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Despite having more similar roles at work and home than ever before, US men and women continue to exhibit different travel behavior. An open question is whether the remaining gender differences in travel differ by traditional and emergent aspects of household structure such as spouse/partner presence, parenthood, and breadwinner status. Using data from the 2003-2010 American Time Use Survey, this study offers a unique, empirical travel time analysis of metropolitan workers stratified by household structure. Results show that gender differences in travel time respond to multiple aspects of household structure in complex and interactive ways. Gender difference in work travel time is only observable when spouse/partner presence and parenthood interact, i.e., in couple households with children. Gender difference in household support travel reacts to parenthood but not spouse/partner presence. Gender difference in travel time between employed females and employed males in single-breadwinner couples is no different from gender difference in double-breadwinner couples. The results call for policy initiatives and research inquiries that pay greater attention to the large gender disparities in work travel in couple households with children and the large gender disparities in household support travel in all households with children including single-parent households. Although incapable of ruling out the influences of internalized gender differences (e.g., preference theory) and gendered structural contexts (e.g., labor market segmentation), the findings provide clear evidence that traditional gender roles and relations remain operative in contemporary households in the US.
机译：尽管在工作和家庭中扮演的角色比以往任何时候都多，但美国男人和女人仍然表现出不同的旅行行为。一个悬而未决的问题是，旅行中剩余的性别差异是否会因家庭结构的传统和新出现的方面而有所不同，例如配偶/伴侣的存在，父母身份和养家糊口的人的身份。该研究使用2003-2010年美国时间使用调查的数据，对按家庭结构分层的大都市工人进行了独特的经验旅行时间分析。结果表明，出行时间的性别差异以复杂和互动的方式响应了家庭结构的多个方面。只有在配偶/伴侣在场和父母身份相互作用时，即在有孩子的夫妻家庭中，才能观察到工作旅行时间的性别差异。家庭抚养费旅行中的性别差异会影响父母的身份，但对配偶/伴侣的身份却没有影响。在单人家庭中，女性和男性在旅行时间上的性别差异与在双重家庭中的女性的旅行时间无差异。结果要求采取政策措施和研究调查，以更加注意有子女的夫妻家庭在工作旅行中的巨大性别差异，以及所有有子女的家庭（包括单亲家庭）在家庭支持旅行中的巨大性别差异。尽管无法排除内在的性别差异（例如偏好理论）和性别结构化背景（例如劳动力市场细分）的影响，但这些发现提供了明确的证据，表明传统的性别角色和关系在美国当代家庭中仍然有效。

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