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Explaining the 'immigrant effect' on auto use: the influences of neighborhoods and preferences

机译：解释对汽车使用的“移民效应”：社区和偏好的影响

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Since immigrants will account for most urban growth in the United States for the foreseeable future, better understanding their travel patterns is a critical task for transportation and land use planners. Immigrants initially travel in personal vehicles far less than the US-born, even when controlling for demographics, but their reliance on autos increases the longer they live in the US. Cultural or habitual differences, followed by assimilation to auto use, could partly explain this pattern; and it may also be partly due to changes in locations and characteristics of home and work neighborhoods. Previous studies have rarely investigated non-work travel, and have not tested workplace land use measures, compared the relative influences of enclave and home neighborhood measures, or looked at the role of culturally-bound residential preferences or motivations for migration. This study relies on a unique and rich dataset consisting of a survey of US residents born in South Asia, Latin America, and the US, joined to spatial information in a GIS. I find that the home built environment is the most consistently influential factor in explaining the lower auto use of both recent and settled Latin American immigrants. Indian immigrants use autos less than would be expected given their home and work neighborhoods. There is little evidence that either ethnic enclaves, or cultural differences, play a role in lower auto use by immigrants. These results suggest there may be a role for neighborhood built environment policies in delaying immigrant assimilation to auto use in the US.
机译：由于在可预见的将来，移民将占美国城市大部分增长的原因，因此，更好地了解其旅行方式对于运输和土地使用规划者来说是一项至关重要的任务。最初，即使控制人口统计数据，移民乘坐私家车的人数也远少于美国出生的人，但他们对汽车的依赖会增加他们在美国居住的时间。文化或习惯差异，以及与汽车使用的融合，可以部分解释这种模式；也可能部分是由于家庭和工作区的位置和特征的变化。以前的研究很少调查非工作旅行，也没有测试工作场所的土地使用措施，没有比较飞地和家庭邻里措施的相对影响，或者研究了受文化限制的居住偏好或迁移动机的作用。这项研究基于一个独特而丰富的数据集，该数据集包括对在南亚，拉丁美洲和美国出生的美国居民的调查，并结合了GIS中的空间信息。我发现，在解释最近和定居的拉丁美洲移民的汽车使用率降低方面，家庭环境是最一致的影响因素。印度移民使用的汽车数量少于其居住和工作社区的预期。几乎没有证据表明种族飞地或文化差异在移民降低汽车使用量方面发挥了作用。这些结果表明，在美国，邻里环境政策可能会延迟移民对汽车的吸收。

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