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Selfishness and altruism in the distribution of travel time and income

机译：旅行时间和收入分配中的自私和利他行为

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摘要

Most economic models assume that individuals act out their preferences based on self-interest alone. However, there have also been other paradigms in economics that aim to capture aspects of behavior that include fairness, reciprocity, and altruism. In this study we empirically examine preferences of travel time and income distributions with and without the respondent knowing their own position in each distribution. The data comes from a Stated Preference experiment where subjects were presented paired alternative distributions of travel time and income. The alternatives require a tradeoff between distributional concerns and the respondent's own position. Choices also do not penalize or reward any particular choice. Overall, choices show individuals are willing forgo alternatives where they would be individually well off in the interest of distributional concerns in both the travel time and income cases. Exclusively self-interested choices are seen more in the income questions, where nearly 25 % of respondents express such preferences, than in the travel time case, where only 5 % of respondents make such choices. The results also suggest that respondents prioritize their own position differently relative to regional distributions of travel time and income. Estimated choice models show that when it comes to travel time, individuals are more concerned with societal average travel time followed by the standard deviation in the region and finally their own travel time, while in the case of income they are more concerned with their own income, followed by a desire for more variability, and finally increasing the minimum income in their region. When individuals do not know their fate after a policy change that affects regional travel time, their choices appear to be mainly motivated by risk averse behavior and aim to reduce variability in outcomes. On the other hand, in the income context, the expected value appears to drive choices. In all cases, population-wide tastes are also estimated and reported.
机译：大多数经济模型都假设个人仅根据自身利益来行使自己的偏好。但是，经济学中还有其他范式旨在捕捉行为的各个方面，包括公平，互惠和利他主义。在这项研究中，我们通过实证研究了旅行时间和收入分配的偏好，有无受访者知道他们在每种分布中的位置。数据来自陈述的偏好实验，在实验中向受试者展示了旅行时间和收入的成对替代分布。备选方案需要在分配问题和受访者自己的位置之间进行权衡。选择也不会惩罚或奖励任何特定选择。总体而言，选择表明个人愿意放弃其他选择，因为他们在旅行时间和收入方面都出于分配方面的考虑而各自处于富裕状态。在收入问题中，只有25％的受访者表达了这种偏爱，而在收入时间问题中则更多地看到了只有自私的选择，而在旅行时间中，只有5％的受访者做出了这样的选择。结果还表明，相对于旅行时间和收入的区域分布，受访者优先考虑自己的位置。估计的选择模型表明，在旅行时间方面，个人更加关注社会平均旅行时间，其次是该地区的标准差，最后是他们自己的旅行时间，而在收入方面，他们更加关注自己的收入，其次是对更多可变性的需求，最后是增加他们所在地区的最低收入。当个人在影响区域旅行时间的政策变化后不了解自己的命运时，他们的选择似乎主要是由规避风险行为所激发，并旨在减少结果的差异。另一方面，在收入方面，期望值似乎在驱动选择。在所有情况下，也会估算并报告整个人群的口味。

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