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Justifying exemptions through policy appraisal: ecological ambitions and water policy in France and the United Kingdom

机译：通过政策评估证明豁免的合理性：法国和英国的生态抱负和水政策

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The Water Framework Directive aims to achieve ‘good status’ for all water bodies in the European Union. However, exemption clauses enable member states to delay protective measures and to lower water quality objectives. The ambiguity of exemption clauses has led to a plurality of approaches across the continent. They differ as to their political objectives, i.e., the overall ambition displayed in implementing the Directive, and to their methodological choices, i.e., the analytical tools used to justify exemptions. This article argues that those political and methodological dimensions influence each other. Relying on a framework of analysis that integrates key recommendations from the literature, we explore the usage and justification of exemptions in two countries, the United Kingdom and France. Our analysis suggests that analytical methods were often decided so as to reflect the ecological ambitions of a country, and some methodological choices seem to have had unintended consequences for water quality objectives. We conclude that economic methods should be adapted so that they take into account, rather than ignore, the political ambitions of a country in the field of water.
机译：《水框架指令》旨在为欧盟所有水体取得“良好地位”。但是，豁免条款使成员国能够延迟保护措施并降低水质目标。免责条款的含糊之处导致了整个非洲大陆采取多种方式。它们的政治目标不同，即在执行该指令时表现出的总体野心，其方法选择也不同，即为免除辩护的分析工具。本文认为，这些政治和方法论方面相互影响。依靠整合了文献中关键建议的分析框架，我们探索了英国和法国这两个国家中豁免的使用和合理性。我们的分析表明，通常决定采用分析方法以反映一个国家的生态抱负，并且某些方法选择似乎对水质目标产生了意想不到的后果。我们得出结论，应该对经济方法进行调整，以使它们考虑而不是忽略一个国家在水领域的政治抱负。

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