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Private rights, public interests and water use conflicts: evolving water law and policy in Michigan

机译：私权，公共利益和用水冲突：密歇根州不断发展的水法律和政策

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摘要

Water conflicts are rare across Michigan's history. As a result, water rights have received little attention by courts or the legislature. Traditionally, the common law of water rights in Michigan embraces the riparian doctrine for surface water and provides landowners with the right to use groundwater. However, two recent changes in common and statutory law significantly modify the legal relations among water users and others with a stake in water use decisions. A 2005 Michigan Court of Appeals decision created a new legal relation among riparian and groundwater rights holders. In 2008, Michigan's legislature passed laws aimed at regulating surface water and groundwater withdrawals. As an exercise of police power intended to protect public rights in water and associated environmental quality, the 2008 laws cap total water withdrawals. This program of restricting water withdrawals coexists with the state's common law which provides for reasonable use of surface water by riparian landowners and groundwater by owners of the overlying land. The result is a new set of legal relations, an uncertain legal environment, and a growing likelihood of water use conflicts. Because Michigan's body of water law is unique, neither courts nor legislature can rely on solutions used in other states.
机译：在密歇根州的历史上，水冲突很少见。结果，水权很少受到法院或立法机关的关注。传统上，密歇根州的水权普通法包含地表水的河岸学说，并向土地所有者提供使用地下水的权利。但是，普通法和成文法的最近两次变化极大地改变了用水者与其他用水决策相关者之间的法律关系。 2005年，密歇根州上诉法院的一项裁决在河岸权利人和地下水权利人之间建立了新的法律关系。 2008年，密歇根州的立法机关通过了旨在规范地表水和地下水取水量的法律。作为旨在保护水和相关环境质量的公共权利的警察权力的行使，2008年法律对取水总量进行了限制。该限制取水的计划与该州的普通法并存，该普通法规定沿河土地所有者合理使用地表水，而上层土地所有者则合理使用地下水。结果是出现了一系列新的法律关系，不确定的法律环境，以及用水冲突的可能性越来越大。由于密歇根州的水体法是独一无二的，因此法院和立法机关都不能依靠其他州使用的解决方案。

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