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'Big brother, little brothers': comparing China's and India's transboundary river policies

机译：“大兄弟，小兄弟”：比较中国和印度的跨界河流政策

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摘要

Hydro-hegemons can provide both positive and negative forms of leadership, the former leading to cooperative outcomes and the latter to conflict in transboundary river basins. What constrains hydro-hegemons and under what conditions do they cooperate? This paper examines China's and India's hydro-hegemonic behavior, using case studies of the Mekong and the Ganges, respectively. As a positive hydro-hegemon, China cooperates multilaterally with other Mekong riparians, while India takes a limited sovereignty view by sharing water with Bangladesh and Nepal in the Ganges. China and India behave as dominant hydro-hegemons when they engage in resource capture strategies, such as water diversion projects and unilateral dam-building activities. The regional context and domestic politics of hydro-hegemons constrain their behavior, and determine the forms of positive and negative leadership they provide. When strong multilateral mechanisms already exist in the regional context, hydro-hegemons are more likely to cooperate multilaterally. This explains why China cooperates multilaterally in the Mekong while India rejects multilateralism in the Ganges. Domestic considerations also explain why China cooperates multilaterally in the Mekong but avoids water-sharing discussions. In India's case, electoral politics account for the eventual signing of the Ganges and Mahakali treaties after decades of negotiations.
机译：霸权主义可以提供正面和负面的领导形式，前者导致合作成果，而后者则导致跨界流域的冲突。什么限制了水霸权，它们在什么条件下合作？本文分别以湄公河和恒河为例，研究了中国和印度的水霸权行为。作为积极的水权霸主，中国与其他湄公河沿岸国家进行多边合作，而印度则通过与恒河的孟加拉国和尼泊尔共享水源来享有有限的主权观点。当中国和印度参与资源获取战略（例如引水工程和单边水坝建设活动）时，它们将成为主要的水权霸主。水霸权的区域背景和国内政治限制了他们的行为，并确定了他们提供的正面和负面领导的形式。当区域背景中已经存在强大的多边机制时，水霸权国家更有可能进行多边合作。这就解释了为什么中国在湄公河地区进行多边合作而印度拒绝恒河中的多边主义。国内方面的考虑也解释了为什么中国在湄公河地区进行多边合作，却避免了水共享的讨论。以印度为例，经过数十年的谈判，选举政治最终导致了恒河和马哈卡利条约的签署。

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