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The French model of water supply management challenged by users' empowerment

机译：法国的供水管理模式受到用户授权的挑战

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Since the early 1990s, in France, the increase in water prices and the denunciation of public-private partnerships have encouraged the state, water companies and local authorities to enhance management transparency and develop their relationships with consumer groups. The opening to user representatives is challenging the French model of water supply management. These transformations are resulting in tensions between different representations of users as consumers or citizens. Between consumer and citizen, which representation is actually emerging and how is the user's status affected? At the national level, the state and consumer groups tend to develop a pro-consumerist policy involving reflection on price levels, the efficiency of utilities and consumer information. On the other hand, companies are trying to highlight the representation of the citizen concerned about the environment and water quality. At the local level, user status varies with context. The user can be perceived either as a simple consumer or as a citizen-consumer hybrid. The examples of Grenoble and Ardeche show that consumption issues can be open to debate about public choices, investment strategies or drinking water quality. This opening up of debate depends on local authorities' competence and communication strategies, consumer groups' agendas and specific local issues (e.g. resource scarcity, corruption).
机译：自1990年代初以来，在法国，水价上涨和公私伙伴关系的废止鼓励了国家，自来水公司和地方当局提高管理透明度并发展与消费者群体的关系。向用户代表开放对法国的供水管理模式提出了挑战。这些转变导致用户作为消费者或公民的不同代表之间的紧张关系。在消费者和公民之间，实际上正在出现哪种表示形式，以及用户的状态如何受到影响？在国家一级，州和消费者团体倾向于制定有利于消费者的政策，其中包括对价格水平，公用事业效率和消费者信息的反思。另一方面，公司正在努力强调关注环境和水质的公民的代表性。在本地级别，用户状态随上下文而变化。可以将用户视为简单的消费者或公民与消费者的混合体。格勒诺布尔（Grenoble）和阿尔德（Ardeche）的例子表明，关于公共选择，投资策略或饮用水水质的消费问题可以公开辩论。这场辩论的开始取决于地方当局的能力和沟通策略，消费者团体的议程以及具体的地方问题（例如资源稀缺，腐败）。

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