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The Paradox of 'Preferences': Regional Trade Agreements and Trade Costs in Services

机译：“优惠”的悖论：区域贸易协定和服务贸易成本

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This paper has addressed the question of whether services RTAs have an impact on bilateral trade costs. In the case of services, we find that RTAs do indeed reduce trade costs, but that the impact is quite modest: perhaps 6.5 per cent on average. In addition, we find strong evidence that the 'preferential margin' of services RTAs is surprisingly thin, since these agreements tend to reduce trade costs for both members and non-members alike. Although these results might appear to be surprising at first glance, they are in fact to be expected when one looks more closely at how services trade liberalisation takes place and what the role of services chapters in RTAs is. Services agreements are about preferential bindings and generally do not introduce actual discrimination that would favour services suppliers from the parties to the agreement. They also have relatively liberal rules of origin that allow third parties to easily gain access to preferential regimes through commercial establishment in a preferred partner. As such, services RTAs are to some extent paradoxical. They signal a preference for specific partner countries, but they do not provide them with substantial preferential treatment, unlike what can be observed with goods. From an economic perspective, this is all the better as preferences lead to trade distortions.
机译：本文讨论了服务贸易协定是否会对双边贸易成本产生影响的问题。就服务而言，我们发现区域贸易协定确实确实降低了贸易成本，但影响很小：平均约为6.5％。此外，我们发现有力的证据表明，服务区域贸易协定的“优惠幅度”非常之薄，因为这些协议往往会降低成员和非成员的贸易成本。尽管乍看之下这些结果似乎令人惊讶，但实际上，当人们更加仔细地观察服务贸易自由化的发生方式以及RTA中服务各章的作用时，这些结果实际上是可以预期的。服务协议是关于优惠约束的，通常不会引入实际的歧视，这种歧视会偏向协议双方的服务提供商。它们还具有相对宽松的原产地规则，允许第三方通过在首选合作伙伴中建立商业机构轻松获得优惠制度。因此，服务RTA在某种程度上是自相矛盾的。它们表示对特定伙伴国家的偏爱，但它们并没有像对待商品那样向他们提供实质性的优惠待遇。从经济角度来看，这更好，因为优惠会导致贸易扭曲。

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