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Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries in the WTO: Moving Forward After Cancun

机译：世贸组织对发展中国家的特殊和差别待遇：坎昆会议后的进展

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International trade is important for development and poverty alleviation. It helps raise and sustain growth ― a fundamental requirement for reducing poverty ― by giving firms and households access to world markets for goods, services and knowledge, lowering prices and increasing the quality and variety of consumption goods, as well as fostering the specialisation of economic activity into areas where countries have a comparative advantage (Bhagwati, 1988; and Irwin, 2001). The primary determinant of the benefits from trade is a country's own policies. Establishing the appropriate trade and complementary policies should consequently figure in the design of national development and poverty-reduction strategies. To an increasing extent, however, countries' trade policies are also subject to multilateral and regional disciplines and individual countries' trade performance is affected by what other countries do. Measures that restrict market access for developing countries' export goods and services and that lower (raise) the prices of their exports (imports) have direct negative effects on investment incentives and the growth potential of their economies. For example, agricultural support policies― high rates of subsidisation and trade barriers - by developed countries increase world price volatility, lock developing countries out of major markets and can lead to import surges that have highly detrimental effects on developing country farmers. The existence of such policies has become a major political barrier to further trade policy reform in developing countries. The WTO is a forum both to negotiate improved market access and to agree to 'rules of the game' for trade-related policies. Developing countries gain from both dimensions. A rules-based world trading system is beneficial to developing countries as they are mostly small players on world markets with little ability to influence the policies of large countries. The rules of the WTO can also be beneficial by reducing uncertainty regarding the policies that will be applied by governments ― thus potentially helping to increase domestic investment and reduce risks.
机译：国际贸易对发展和减轻贫困很重要。它通过使公司和家庭进入世界市场获得商品，服务和知识，降低价格，增加消费品的质量和种类以及促进经济的专业化，从而帮助提高和维持增长（减少贫困的基本要求）。在具有国家相对优势的地区开展活动（Bhagwati，1988；和Irwin，2001）。贸易收益的主要决定因素是一国自己的政策。因此，应在制定国家发展和减贫战略时考虑建立适当的贸易和补充政策。但是，各国的贸易政策也越来越多地受到多边和区域纪律的约束，个别国家的贸易绩效也受到其他国家的影响。限制发展中国家出口商品和服务的市场准入并降低（提高）其出口（进口）价格的措施对投资激励措施及其经济增长潜力产生直接的负面影响。例如，发达国家的农业支持政策，高补贴率和贸易壁垒增加了世界价格的波动性，使发展中国家无法进入主要市场，并可能导致进口激增，对发展中国家的农民产生极大的不利影响。此类政策的存在已成为发展中国家进一步贸易政策改革的主要政治障碍。世界贸易组织是一个论坛，旨在就改善市场准入进行谈判，并商定与贸易有关的政策的“博弈规则”。发展中国家从这两个方面受益。基于规则的世界贸易体系对发展中国家有利，因为它们在世界市场上大多是小参与者，几乎没有能力影响大国的政策。通过减少政府将采取的政策的不确定性，世贸组织的规则也可能会受益，从而有可能帮助增加国内投资并降低风险。

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