语言学教程

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics
1.1 Why Study Language？
1.2 What Is Language？
1.3 Design Features of Language
I.3.1 Arbitrariness
1.3.2 Duality
1.3.3 Creativity
1.3.4 Displacement
1.4 Origin of Language
1.5 Functions of Language
1.5.1 Informative Function
1.5.2 Interpersonal Function
1.5.3 Performative Function
1.5.4 Emotive Function
1.5.5 Phatic Communion
1.5.6 Recreational Function
1.5.7 Metalingual Function
1.6 What Is Linguistics？
1.7 Main Branches of Linguistics
1.7.1 Phonetics
1.7.2 Phonology
1.7.3 Morphology
1.7.4 Syntax
1.7.5 Semantics
1.7.6 Pragmatics
1.8 Macrolinguistics
1.8.1 Psycholinguistics
1.8.2 Sociolinguisties
1.8.3 Anthropological Linguistics
1.8.4 Computational Linguistics
1.9 hnportant Distinctions in Linguistics
1.9.1 Descriptive vs.Prescriptive
1.9，2 Synchronic vs.Diachronic
1.9.3 Langue & Parole
1.9.4 Competence & Performance
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
2.1 Speech Production and Phonetic Transcription
2.1.1 Speech Production
2.1.2 Phonetic Transcription—The IPA
2.2 Consonants and Vowels
2.2.1 Consonants
2.2.2 Vowels
2.2.3 The Sounds of English
2.3 Phonological Analysis
2.3.1 Phonemes
2.3.2 Allophones
2.3.3 Phonological Rules
2.3.4 Rule Ordering
2.4 Suprasegmentals
2，4.1 Syllable
2.4.2 Sonority Scale
2.4.3 Stress
2.4.4 Intonation and Tone
Chapter 3 Words and Morphology
3.1 The Nature of Words
3.1.1 What Is aWord？
3.1.2 Content Words and Function Words
3.2 Types of Morphemes
3.3 Morphological Processes
3.3.1 Derivation
3.3.2 Compounding
3.3.3 Inflection
3.3.4 Minor Morphological Processes
Chapter 4 From Word to Text
4.1 Syntactic Relations
4.1.1 Positional Relation
4.1.2 Relation of Substitutability
4.1.3 Relation ot Co Occurrence
4.2 Grammatical Construction and Its Constituents
4.2.1 Grammatical Construction
4.2.2 Immediate Constituents
4.2.3 Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions
4.2.4 Coordination and Subordination
4.3 Syntactic Function
4.3.1 Subject
4.3.2 Predicate
4.3.3 Obiect
4.3.4 The Relation Between Classes and Functions
4.4 Category
4.4.1 Number
4.4.2 Gender
4.4.3 Case
4.4.4 Agreement
4.5 Phrase，Clause and Sentence
4.5.1 Phrase
4.5.2 Clause
4.5.3 Sentence
4.6 Recursiveness
4.6.1 Conjoining
4.6.2 Embedding
4.7 Beyond the Sentence
4.7.1 Sentential Connection
4.7.2 Cohesion
4.7.3 Coherence
Chapter 5 Meaning
5.1 Meanings of"Meaning"
5.2 The Referential Theory
5.3 Sense Relations
5.3.1 Synonymy
5.3.2 Antonymy
5.3.3 Hyponymy
5.4 Componential Analysis
5.5 Sentence Meaning
5.5.1 Cognitive Semantics
5.5.2 Logical Semantics
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition
6.1 What Is Cognition？
6.2 Three Approaches to Language and Cognition
6.3 What Is Psycholinguistics？
6.4 Language Acquisition
6.4.1 Holophrastic Stage
6.4.2 Two Word Stage
6.4.3 Stage of Three Word Utterances
6.4.4 Fluent Grammatical Conversation Stage
6.5 Language Comprehension
6.5.1 Word Recognition
6.5.2 Comprehension of Sentences
6.5.3 Comprehension of Text
6.6 Language Production
6.6.1 Access to Words
6.6.2 Generation of Sentences
6.6.3 Written Language Production
6.7 What Is Cognitive Linguistics？
6.8 Construal and Construal Operations
6.8.1 Attention／Salience
6.8.2 Judgment／Comparison
6.8.3 Perspeetive／Situatedness
6.9 Categorization
6.9.1 Basic Level
6.9.2 Superordinate Level
6.9.3 Subordinate Level
6.10 Image Schemas
6.11 Metaphor
6.11.1 Structural Metaphors
6.11.2 Orientational Metaphors
6.11.3 Ontological Metaphors
6.12 Metonymy
6.12.1 Whole ICM and lts Part（s）
6.12.2 Parts of anICM
6.13 Blending Theory
……
Chapter 7 Language，Culture，and Society
Chapter 8 Language in Use
Chapter 9 Language and Literature
Chapter 10 Language and Computer
Chapter 11 Second and Foreign Language Teaching
Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics
Bibliography
Glossary and Index