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Essays on the Economics of Agricultural and Residential Water Management

机译：农业和居民用水管理经济学论文

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摘要

Ensuring the efficient allocation of water resources among end users has become crucial in light of increasing climate variability and the high capital and environmental costs of developing new supply. However, within the two largest sectors of water consumption --- agricultural users and residential users --- the different nature of water use and governing institutions gives rise to different challenges in allocating water across competing demands. This dissertation comprises two essays, both case studies evaluating policies to improve water management in each sector respectively. Informed by different settings, I use novel data and methods to estimate impacts of the distinct reforms. The two chapters provide lessons about how policymakers in either sector can improve water management in the future.;Chapter 1 measures the monetary value created by clarifying property rights for water within the agricultural sector, through a legal process of 'water right adjudication.' Between 1987 and 2014, the Snake River Basin Adjudication determined who had legal rights to use water and what trades would be hydrologically permissible, covering 139,000 water rights and 90% of Idaho's water use. Using differences in the timing of adjudication between different sub-basins, I identify the medium-run impacts of this adjudication. I find that adjudication caused a 140% increase in the frequency of water right trading, that these trades moved water to relatively more productive parcels of land, and that adjudication increased total crop acreage by 3.9%. To evaluate whether these benefits justify the $94 million Idaho spent in legal proceedings during the adjudication, I use a revealed preference framework and exploit quasi-random variation in federally-administered crop insurance prices to monetize the value of changes in crop choice after adjudication. I find that the one-time adjudication of the Snake River Basin increased the value of Idaho's agricultural output by $250 million per year.;Chapter 2 studies policies adopted by a large Californian municipal water utility to achieve their State-mandated target of reducing residential water use by 25% during the recent 2011 to 2017 California drought. Because the municipality and State simultaneously adopted many different reforms to reduce water use, it is unclear which particular policies drove the observed conservation. My co-authors and I use hourly micro-data from over 86,000 single family households between 2013 and 2016 to disentangle the impacts residential water use of these different policies. First, we find that a 10% increase in marginal rates is associated with a decrease in household water use of 20 gal/day. Over our sample period, these rate changes are responsible for saving 25 gal/day. Second, reducing the number of days households are allowed to use water outdoors results in a substitution of water use from banned days to the remaining non-banned days. However, there is also a persistent decrease in water use by 6% (30 gal/day) after this policy change, particularly during hours when outdoor use was never permitted, suggesting the policy change might have increased compliance with the regulation. Thirdly, water use declines by 74 and 44 gallons/day after the announcement of a State of Emergency' and 'Mandatory Water-Use Regulations, respectively. These major State-level announcements appear to induce interest in the drought, as measured by Google searches. A mediation analysis shows that our measure of drought awareness is highly correlated with water use, but, after controlling for city and state policies, this correlation disappears. Finally, we find that adoption of city-funded rebates for water-efficient toilets and lawn replacement leads to substantial water savings (both 55 gal/day); however, the aggregate impacts of the program are negligible due to low-take up rates.
机译：鉴于日益增加的气候变化以及开发新供应的高昂资金和环境成本，确保最终用户之间水资源的有效分配已变得至关重要。但是，在用水的两个最大部门（农业用户和居民用户）中，用水的不同性质和管理机构给在竞争需求之间分配水带来了不同的挑战。本文包括两篇论文，这两个案例研究分别评估了改善每个部门水管理的政策。受不同环境的影响，我使用新颖的数据和方法来估算不同改革的影响。这两章提供了有关任一部门的政策制定者未来如何改善水管理的经验教训。；第1章通过“水权裁决”的法律程序来衡量通过澄清农业部门内水的产权而创造的货币价值。在1987年至2014年之间，斯内克河流域裁定确定了谁拥有用水的合法权利，以及在水文学上允许从事哪些贸易，涵盖了139,000份水权和90％的爱达荷州用水量。利用不同子盆地之间的裁决时间差异，我确定了该裁决的中期影响。我发现裁定使水权交易的频率增加了140％，这些交易将水转移到了相对较高产的土地上，裁定使总农作物种植面积增加了3.9％。为了评估这些收益是否能证明爱达荷州在裁决期间在法律诉讼上花费的9,400万美元，我使用了一个公开的偏好框架，并利用联邦管理的作物保险价格的准随机差异来将裁决后作物选择的变化价值货币化。我发现蛇河流域的一次性裁决使爱达荷州的农业产值每年增加了2.5亿美元。第二章研究了加利福尼亚一家大型市政水务公司采用的政策，以实现其国家规定的减少居民用水的目标在最近的2011年至2017年加州干旱期间使用量减少了25％。由于市政当局和州政府同时采取了许多不同的改革措施以减少用水量，因此尚不清楚哪些特定政策推动了所观察到的保护。我和我的合著者在2013年至2016年间使用每小时超过8.6万个单户家庭的微数据，来分析这些不同政策对住宅用水的影响。首先，我们发现边际税率提高10％与家庭用水量减少20加仑/天相关。在我们的采样期间，这些速率变化可节省25加仑/天。其次，减少允许家庭在户外使用水的天数，导致用水量从禁止天数改为剩余的非禁止天数。但是，在此政策更改后，用水量也持续减少了6％（30加仑/天），尤其是在永远不允许户外使用的时间内，这表明该政策更改可能增加了对法规的遵守。第三，在宣布“紧急状态”和“强制用水条例”之后，用水量分别下降了74加仑/天和44加仑/天。根据Google搜索的结果，这些主要的州级公告似乎引起了人们对干旱的兴趣。调解分析表明，我们的干旱意识测度与用水量高度相关，但在控制了城市和州的政策后，这种相关性消失了。最后，我们发现采用城市资助的节水型厕所和草坪更换回扣可节省大量水（每天55加仑）；但是，由于采用率低，该计划的总体影响可以忽略不计。

著录项

  • 作者

    Browne, Oliver R.;

  • 作者单位

    The University of Chicago.;

  • 授予单位 The University of Chicago.;
  • 学科 Economics.;Environmental economics.;Water resources management.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2018
  • 页码 119 p.
  • 总页数 119
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 宗教;
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 11:52:55

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