摘要:The features of the opposed multi-burner (OMB) gasification technology,the method and process of the research,and the operation results of a pilot plant and demon stration plants have been introduced.The operation results of the demonstration plants show that when Beisu coal was used as feedstock,the OMB CWS gasification process at Yankuang Cathy Coal Co.Ltd had a higher carbon conversion of 3%,a lower specific oxygen consumption of about 8%,and a lower specific carbon consumption of 2%-3% than that of Texaco CWS gasification at the Lunan Fertilizer Plant.When Shenfu coal was used as feedstock,the OMB CWS gasification process at Hua-lu Heng-sheng Chemical Co.Ltd had a higher carbon conversion of more than 3%,a lower specific oxygen consumption of about 2%,and a lower specific coal consumption of about 8% than that of the Texaco CWS gasification process at Shanghai Coking & Chemical Corporation.The OMB CWS gasification technology is proven by industrial experience to have a high product yield,low oxygen and coal consumption and robust and safe operation.
摘要:Investigation into the formation and transport of liquid water in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is the key to fuel cell water management.A threedimensional gas/liquid two-phase flow and heat transfer model is developed based on the multiphase mixture theory.The reactant gas flow,diffusion,and chemical reaction as well as the liquid water transport and phase change process are modeled.Numerical simulations on liquid water distribution and its effects on the performance of a PEMFC are conducted.Results show that liquid water distributes mostly in the cathode,and predicted cell performance decreases quickly at high current density due to the obstruction of liquid water to oxygen diffusion.The simulation results agree well with experimental data.
摘要:The performance graphs of a centrifugal compressor under different diffuser stagger angles were measured,and the influence of different stagger angles of vanes on the stage performance as well as flow field was investigated numerically.The results show that the performance graph shifts when the diffuser stagger angle is altered;the influence of different stagger angles of vanes on the flow field inside the centrifugal compressor is great.Large scale vortices appear on the diffuser vane under larger incidence.An optimal diffuser stagger angle should exist at a specified flow rate to make the characteristic of the flow optimized.The incidence corresponding to the highest efficiency is not 0° at the design condition.
摘要:Three-dimensional numerical simulation results are presented for a fin-and-tube heat transfer surface with vortex generators.The effects of the Reynolds number (from 800 to 2 000) and the attack angle (30° and 45°) of a delta winglet vortex generator are examined.The numerical results are analyzed on the basis of the field synergy principle to explain the inherent mechanism of heat transfer enhancement by longitudinal vortex.The secondary flow generated by the vortex generators causes the reduction of the intersection angle between the velocity and fluid temperature gradients.In addition,the computational evaluations indicate that the heat transfer enhancement of delta winglet pairs for an aligned tube bank fin-and-tube surface is more significant than that for a staggered tube bank fin-and-tube surface.The heat transfer enhancement of the delta winglet pairs with an attack angle of 45° is larger than that with an angle of 30°.The delta winglet pair with an attack angle of 45° leads to an increase in pressure drop,while the delta winglet pair with the 30°angle results in a slight decrease.The heat transfer enhancement under identical pumping power condition for the attack angle of 30° is larger than that for the attack angle of 45°either for staggered or for aligned tube bank arrangement.
摘要:This study deals with the simultaneous removal of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and trace selenium dioxide (SeO2)from flue gas by calcium oxide (CaO) adsorption in the moderate temperature range,especially the feasibility of simultaneous removal of these two pollutants in a moderate temperature dry flue gas desulfurization (MTD-FGD) reactor.The effect of SO2 presence on selenium capture is studied through the experiments performed on a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and the following conclusions can be obtained.When CaO conversion is relatively low and the reaction rate is controlled by chemical reaction kinetics,the SO2 presence does not affect selenium capture.When CaO conversion is very high and the reaction rate is controlled by product layer diffusion,the SO2 presence and the product layer diffusion resistance jointly reduce selenium capture.Through analyses of some pilot scale MTD-FGD tests,it can be concluded that in the MTD-FGD reactor,the sulfate reaction of sorbent particles is generally kinetically controlled.Therefore,it is feasible that sulfur and trace selenium can be simultaneously removed by Ca-based sorbent in the MTD-FGD reactor.
摘要:Based on the fundamental conservation principles-the mass,momentum,and energy conservation equtions of liquid films and the momentum conservation equation of vapor core,a theoretical three-fluid model has been developed to predict the dryout point of upward annular flow in vertical narrow annuli with bilateral heating.The range of the parameters are:pressure from 0.5 to 5.0 MPa;mass flow Through numerically solving the model,the relationships among the parameters of the critical quality (Xc),critical heat flux (QCHF),mass flow rate,system pressure,and the ratio of heat flux on the inner wall of the outer tube to that on the outer wall of the inner tube (qo/qi) are obtained and analyzed.The predicted results accurately match with the experimental data.For a fixed qo,Xc will increase with the decreases in the gap size and the tube curvature when the dryout point occurs on the outer wall of the inner tube.However,for a fixed qi,when the dryout point occurs on the inner wall of the outer tube,the parametric trend is reverse.When the dryout point on the inner and outer walls occurs simultaneously,Xc reaches a peak value,and the ratio of qo/qi at this position changes with the gap size and the tube curvature.
摘要:Hazardous trace element emissions have caused serious harm to human health in China.Several typical high-toxic trace element coals were collected from different districts and were used to investigate the emission characteristics of toxic trace elements (As,Se,Cr,Hg) and to explore preliminary control methods.Coal combustion tests were conducted in several bench-scale furnaces including drop tube furnace (DTF),circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion furnace,and fixed-bed combustion furnace.Calcium oxide was used to control the emission of arsenic and selenium.The granular activated carbons (AC) and activatedcarbon fibers (ACF) were used to remove mercury in the flue gas from coal combustion.The chemical composition and trace element contents of ash and particulate matter (PM)were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES),respectively.The speciation and concentration of mercury were investigated using the Ontario-Hydro method.X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD) was used to determine the mineral composition of production during combustion experiments.With the addition of a calciumbased sorbent,arsenic concentration in PM1 sharply decreased from 0.25-0.11 mg/m3.In fixed-bed combustion of coal,the retention rates of selenium volatiles were between 11.6% and 50.7% using lime.In the circulating fluidized-bed combustion of coal,the content of selenium in ash from the chimney was reduced to one-fourth of its original value and that in leaching water from the chimney decreased by two orders of magnitude using lime.Calcium-based sorbent is an effective additive to control the emission of As and Se during coal combustion.The emission of chromium is influenced by the occurrence mode of Cr in coal.Chromium emission in PM2.5 during coal combustion is 55.5 and 34.7 μg/m3 for Shenbei coal and mixed Pingdingshan coal,respectively.The adsorptive capacity of granular activated carbon for Hg0 is significantly enhanced through ZnCl2-impregnation.The activated carbon fibers showed decent efficiency in mercury adsorption,on which surface oxygen complex showed positive effects on mercury adsorption.
摘要:The effects of temperature and time on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs)distribution in fly ash of a municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI) were studied in a tubular oven under nitrogen atmosphere.The PCDD/Fs in the gas phase and solid phase were detected by high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with low resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/LRMS)separately.The experimental results showed that the major congener was octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) in the gas phase and the low chlorinated congeners were the major products in the solid phase.There were high levels of OCDD in the gas phase in several experimental conditions althoughthe PCDD/Fs in the solid phase could be decomposed.The optimum condition for PCDD/Fs decomposition in fly ash was a heating time of 60 min at 400 ℃ under nitrogen atmosphere.
摘要:A novel silica gel-water adsorption chiller consisting of two adsorption/desorption chambers and an evaporator with one heat-pipe working chamber is experimentally studied.The dynamic operating characteristics of the chiller and the thermodynamic characteristics of the adsorber are obtained.The experimental results show that the dynamic operating characteristics of the chiller and the thermodynamic characteristics of the adsorber are satisfactory and that the cycle is a novel and effective adsorption cycle.A mass recovery process increases the cyclic adsorption capacity of the system and improves adaptability of the chiller to a lowgrade heat source.In addition,the experiment indicates that this novel chiller is highly suitable for an air conditioning system with a low dehumidification requirement or a system with a large cycle flowrate and an industrial cooling water system.
摘要:To reveal the unsteady flow characteristics of a vaneless counter-rotating turbine (VCRT),a threedimensional,viscous,unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed.The results show that unsteady simulation is superior to steady simulation because more flow characteristics can be obtained.The unsteady effects in upstream airfoil rows are weaker than those in downstream airfoil rows in the VCRT.The static pressure distribution along the span in the pressure surface of a high pressure turbine stator is more uniform than that in the suction surface.The static pressure distributions along the span in the pressure surfaces and the suction surfaces of a high pressure turbine rotor and a low pressure turbine rotor are all uneven.The numerical results also indicate that the load of a high pressure turbine rotor will increase with the increase of the span.The deviation is very big between the direction of air flow at the outlet of a high pressure turbine rotor and the axial direction.A similar result can also be obtained in the outlet of a low pressure turbine rotor.This means that the specific work of a high pressure turbine rotor and a low pressure turbine rotor is big enough to reach the design objectives.
摘要:Anaerobic process of biohydrogen production is developed in this paper.The isolation and identification of high efficient biohydrogen production anaerobic bacteria are the important foundations for the fermented biohydrogen production process by anaerobic digesting organic wastewater.Taking the physiological and biochemical traits,the morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence into consideration,the isolate Rennanqilyf33 is a new species.
摘要:The current development of wind power in China was presented in this paper.Many regions such as Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and southeast coastal region,etc.in China have abundant wind energy resource.At the same time,the utilization of wind power in China has been developing quickly and its prospect is promising in spite of many some obstacles.With the implementation of the Renewable Energy Law,some previous obstacles have been or are being eliminated.Much investment and many enterprises start to enter this field.In spite of this,there still exist some financial and technological obstacles.One of the technological obstacles is the stability of local power grid owing to the increasing proportion of the wind power capacity.Because the centralized development mode of wind power was adopted,the quick fluctuation of wind speed will influence the voltage and frequency stability of local power grid.In addition,large wind farm has little dispatching ability because of the uncontrollability,randomness and fluctuation of natural incoming wind.To erase these obstacles,a novel hybrid power system combining wind farm and small gas turbine power plants is discussed.
摘要:Cycle fuel energy distribution and combustion characteristics of early in-cylinder diesel homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion organized by modulated multi-pulse injection modes are studied by the engine test.It is found that heat loss due to unburned fuel droplets and CO emission can be decreased effectively by injection mode regulation,and thermal efficiency can be potentially increased by 4%-12%.From the analyses of combustion process,it is also found that diesel HCCI combustion is a process with a finite reaction rate and is very sensitive to injection timing and injection mode.At injection timing of-90℃A ATDC,extra low NOx emissions can be obtained along with high thermal efficiency.
摘要:The flow in a centrifugal compressor stage with variable inlet guide vanes (VIGVs) is investigated by numerical simulation in this paper.Analysis of the performance curves and relative velocity vectograms indicates that performance curves shift toward small flow domain when VIGVs turn positively,and toward large flow domain when VIGVs turn negatively.Stage efficiency drops quickly after work condition enters a small flow domain through the peak efficiency point.Under the circumstance of large setting angles of the guide vanes,there exist obvious flow separations in guide vane passages within wide flow ranges,and back flow regions can be located at the front of splitter suction surfaces under large flow conditions,while under the condition of small flow,flow separations occur on suction surfaces of long blades.
摘要:The determination of operation optimization value is very important for economic analysis and operation optimization in power plants.The operation optimization value determined by traditional methods usually cannot reflect the actual running states correctly in power plants with the increase in running time.Based on a large amount of history data stored in power plants,a way of operation optimization by applying data mining technique is proposed.The structure of operation optimi-zation based on data mining is established and the fuzzy association rule mining algorithm is introduced to find the operation optimization target value to guide the operation in power plants.Based on the actual local data in a 300 MW unit,the operation optimization value in typical load ranges is found out by data mining to provide better adjustment guidance in industry process.Experimental results show that the determination of operation optimization value based on data mining can improve the efficiency and decrease the emission of pollutants.
摘要:With the rapid improvement of computer performance,tremendous heat generation in the chip becomes a major serious concern for thermal management.Meanwhile,CPU chips are becoming smaller and smaller with almost no room for the heat to escape.The total power-dissipation levels now reside on the order of 100 W with a peak power density of 400-500 W/cm2,and are still steadily climbing.As a result,it is extremely hard to attain higher performance and reliability.Because the conventional conduction and forcedair convection techniques are becoming incapable in providing adequate cooling for sophisticated electronic systems,new solutions such as liquid cooling,thermoelectric cooling,heat pipes,vapor chambers,etc.are being studied.Recently,it was realized that using a liquid metal or its alloys with a low melting point as coolant could significantly lower the chip temperature.This new generation heat transfer enhancement method raised many important fundamentals and practical issues to be solved.To accommodate to the coming endeavor in this area,this paper is dedicated to presenting an overall review on chip cooling using liquid metals or their alloys as coolant.Much more attention will be paid to the thermal properties of liquid metals with low melting points or their alloys and their potential applications in the chip cooling.Meanwhile,principles of several typical pumping methods such as mechanical,electromagnetic or peristaltic pumps will be illustrated.Some new advancement in making a liquid metal cooling device will be discussed.The liquid metal cooling is expected to open a new world for computer chip cooling because of its evident merits over traditional coolant.
摘要:A new combustion model diesel/methanol compound combustion (DMCC) is presented,in which methanol is injected into manifold and ignited by certain amount of diesel fuel.The results showed that DMCC remarkably decreased the emission of NOx and the smoke,but increased the emission of HC,CO and PM.However,HC,CO and NOx were dramatically decreased with a catalytic converter,and PM was also decreased compared with that of diesel engine.The testing results illustrated that,combined with oxidation catalyst converter,DMCC could improve engine emissions.
摘要:The effects of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine compression ratio on its combustion characteristics were studied experimentally on a modified TY1100 single cylinder engine fueled with dimethyl ether.The results show that dimethyl ether (DME) HCCI engine can work stably and can realize zero nitrogen oxides (NOx)emission and smokeless combustion under the compression ratio of both 10.7 and 14.The combustion process has obvious two stage combustion characteristics at ε = 10.7(εrefers to compression ratio),and the combustion beginning point is decided by the compression temperature,which varies very little with the engine load;the combustion beginning point is closely related to the engine load (concentration of mixture) with the increase in the compression temperature,and it moves forward versus crank angle with the increase in the engine load at ε = 14;the combustion durations are shortened with the increase in the engine load under both compression ratios.
摘要:Heat transfer of a furnace in a large-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler was studied based on the analysis of available heat transfer coefficient data from typical industrial CFB boilers and measured data from a 12 MWe,a 50 MWe and a 135 MWe CFB boiler.The heat transfer of heat exchanger surfaces in a furnace,in a steam/water cooled cyclone,in an external heat exchanger and in the backpass was also reviewed.Empirical correlation of heat transfer coefficient was suggested after calculating the two key parameters,solids suspension density and furnace temperature.The correlation approach agrees well with the data from the large-scale CFB boilers.
摘要:Aiming at a 300 MW turbo-generator model,the sensitivity of natural torsional frequencies and modes of torsional vibration (TV) to the rotational inertia and stiffness of the turbo-generator were analyzed.Calculation results show that the variation of the rotational inertia or stiffness either of the rotor system as a whole (namely shafting) or only locally may both remarkably influence the TV characteristics of the rotor.The influence of localized variation is still notable although it is not as great as that of the rotor as a whole.The segments on the shafting,which contribute more to a certain mode of vibration,have a greater influence on the pertaining order of TV.Compared with the modal shape,a larger slope can be observed at these sections of the rotor for the particular mode.Thus,frequencies can be modulated by modifying the local construction of the rotor to make the natural TV frequency of a certain order avoid some specific value,herewith arriving at the objective of tuning.Therefore,it is very important,in the course of modeling for the purpose of studying the TV of the shafting of a turbo-set,to accurately determine the structural parameters of parts that have a relatively sensitive effect on the TV behavior.
摘要:To overcome the shortcomings of conventional methods for vorticity measurement,a new direct measurement of vorticity (DMV) method extracting vorticity from particle images was proposed.Based on the theory of fluid flow,two matched particle patterns were extracted from particle images in the DMV method.The pattern vorticity was determined from the average angular displacement of rotation between the two matched particle patterns.The method was applied on standard particle images,and was compared with the second and third order central finite difference methods.Results show that the accuracy of DMV method is independent of the spatial resolution of the sampling,and the uncertainty errors in the velocity measurement are not propagated into the vorticity.The method is applicable for measuring vorticity of a stronger rotational flow.The time interval of image sampling should be shortened to increase the measurement ranges for higher shearing distortion flows.
摘要:Numerical investigation is implemented on aerodynamic performance inside the crossover and de-swirling cascade of a multistage centrifugal compressor.The emphasis is put on the aerodynamic performance influenced by the circumferentially pre-swirling coming flow.The results indicate that flow separation occurs inside the crossover,and the separation area may be changed with different circumferentially pre-swirling coming flow.Decreased pre-swirling intensity of the coming flow may effectively restrain the flow separation and make the outflow from the crossover more uniform,which helps to improve the aerodynamic performance of the successive de-swirling cascade.The flow inside the de-swirling cascade is a non-uniform swirling flow with large separation.The complex secondary flow occurs along the main flow and experiences a process of generating,developing,dissipating and collapsing.
摘要:Based on one-dimensional quasi-homogeneous model,a steady-state model and its computer program were developed for helium-heated inorganic membrane reformer coupling to high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR).The results show that the average heat flux of inorganic membrane reformer is 25% higher than that of the conventional one.A compact reformer can be designed,which is significant in making the system safer and more economical.A methane conversion rate of 95% can be achieved by inorganic membrane reformer with a little increase in pressure loss.With thinner membrane and higher sweep ratio,methane conversion rate increases with high reforming pressure,which will change the unfavorable condition of high pressure of HTGR methane reforming hydrogen production system into a favorable one.
摘要:Current dynamic procedures in large-eddy simulation treat the two subgrid-scale stresses in the Germano identity with the same subgrid base model.Thus to get the base model coefficient,the coefficient must be assumed to be constant for test filter operation.However,since the coefficient has sharp fluctuations,this assumption causes some inconsistence.A new dynamic procedure was developed in which these two stresses are modeled by the base model and the scale-similarity hypotheses respectively.Thus the need for the assumption is removed and consistence is restored.The new procedure is tested in the large-eddy simulation of a lid-driven cavity flow at Reynolds number of 10,000.The results show that the new procedure can both improve the prediction of statistics of the flow and effectively relieve the singularity of subgrid-scale (SGS) model coefficient.
摘要:Based on the investigation of the polysaccharide structure of cellulose by using Fourier transform spectrum analysis,the pyrolysis behaviour of cellulose was studied at a heating rate of 20 K/min by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.Experimental results show that the decomposition of cellulose mainly occurs at the temperature range of 550-670 K.The weight loss becomes quite slow when the temperature increases further up to 680 K and the amount of residue reaches a mass percent of 14.7%.The FTIR analysis shows that free water is released first during cellulose pyrolysis,followed by depolymerization and dehydration.Glucosidic bond and carbon-carbon bond break into a series of hydrocarbons,alcohols,aldehydes,acids,etc.Subsequently these large-molecule compounds decompose further into gases,such as methane and carbon monoxide.
摘要:Experiments were performed to investigate the differences between the propane/air turbulent diffusion reactive flows past bluff-body and the propane/humid air turbulent diffusion reactive flows in the same conditions.The velocity distributions of the non-humid reactive flow fields and the humid reactive flow fields were measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques.The temperature fields were measured by high temperature thermocouples,and NOx distributions were obtained by using gas detection instruments.The results show that although humid air reactive flow fields are similar to non-humid flow fields in general,there are some differences in the humid air combustion flow field comparing with the non-humid combustion flow field:the center of the reversed-flow region goes forward;the dimension of the reversed-flow region is smaller;the peak temperature and NOx formation are reduced.It is suggested that humid air combustion is helpful to shorten the axial length of combustors,and reduce the formation of pollutants.
摘要:The author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this mate -rial on behalf of any and all coauthors. Transfer of copyright to Springer and Hainan Medical College becomes effective if and when the article is accepted for publication.After submission of the Copyright Transfer Statement signed by the corresponding author,changes of authorship or in the order of the authors listed will not be accepted.The copyright covers the exclusive right to reproduce
摘要:Peanut shell,mixed with sodium carboxymethylcellulose,was gasified at a temperature of 450℃ and a pressure range from 24 to 27 MPa with the presence of different catalysts,including K2CO3,ZnCl2 and Raney-Ni.The experimental results show that different catalysts have greatly different effects on the reaction.Gasification efficiency (GE),hydrogen gasification efficiency (GHE),carbon gasification efficiency (GCE),yield of hydrogen production (YH2) and potential yield of hydrogen production (YPH2) are applied to describe the catalytic efficiency.From the result of gaseous components,ZnCl2 has the highest hydrogen selectivity,K2CO3 is lower,and Raney-Ni is the lowest,but Raney-Ni is the most favorable to gasify biomass among the three catalysts,and its GE,GHE,GcE reach 126.84%,185.71%,94.24%,respectively.As expected,hydrogen selectivity increased and CH4 reduced rapidly when the mixture of ZnCl2 and Raney-Ni is used under the same condition.The optimization mixture appeared when 0.2 g of ZnCl2 was added to 1 g of Raney-Ni,43.56 g·kg-1 of hydrogen production was obtained.In addition,the catalytic mechanisms of different catalysts were analyzed,and the possible reaction pathway was brought forward,which helped to explain the experiment phenomena and results correctly.
摘要:Waste management is becoming a crucial issue in modem society owing to rapid urbanization and the increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW).This paper evaluates the carbon footprint of the waste management sector to identify direct and indirect carbon emissions,waste recycling carbon emission using a hybrid life cycle assessment and input-output analysis.China and Japan was selected as case study areas to highlight the effects of different industries on waste management.The results show that the life cycle carbon footprints for waste treatment are 59.01 million tons in China and 7.01 million tons in Japan.The gap between these footprints is caused by the different waste management systems and treatment processes used in the two countries.For indirect carbon footprints,China's material carbon footprint and depreciation carbon footprint are much higher than those of Japan,whereas the purchased electricity and heat carbon footprint in China is half that of Japan.China and Japan have similar direct energy consumption carbon footprints.However,CO2 emissions fRom MSW treatment processes in China (46.46 million tons) is significantly higher than that in Japan (2.72 million tons).The corresponding effects of waste recycling on CO2 emission reductions are considerable,up to 181.37 million tons for China and 96.76 million tons for Japan.Besides,measures were further proposed for optimizing waste management systems in the two countries.In addition,it is argued that the advanced experience that developed countries have in waste management issues can provide scientific support for waste treatment in developing countries such as China.
摘要:To solve a problem,three things are necessary:awareness,means,and will.The 2015 COP21 Paris accord was a masterful,perhaps even world-saving,diplomatic advance toward making the world aware of climate change.Some of that success may have been because publications from the IPCC and the National Academy of Science were made available,on line,as prepublication offerings,in order to be widely viewed before the Paris Climate Conference.This provided diplomats and negotiators with the latest information about climate change,its nearness in time,its consequences,and how well current mitigation technologies can succeed.Whatever the reasons,the Paris Climate Conference,was a success.Leaders of 195 nations agreed that climate change is a real and present danger to life as is known to all.This important understanding was accomplished despite the presentation of well established scientific facts which,without very diplomatic handling,could easily have evoked overwhelming political opposition to an agreement and thus another COP failure.In this paper,the fact that how some scientific truths,written specifically to be overlooked,were presented in order to prepare COP21 participants for the conference is explained.Besides,the effectiveness and efficiency of currently favored mitigation policies,the extent of ongoing progress to better ones,and finally,how a new appreciation of climate change consequences can strengthen the will of nation states and industries to work toward solutions are evaluated.