摘要:The steel roof of Wuhan Gymnasium is a longspan suspendome structure system. According to the structural characteristics of the roof, the lifting installation of upper latticed shell and the installation and tension of lower prestressed cables are introduced in detail. The cable tension is completed successfully on June 27, 2006, while the test results of cable forces and structural deformation are comparatively consistent with the theoretical analysis results. Moreover, Strut-adjustment Method is innovated and applied successfully in the construction of long-span suspendome structure for the first time, and the theoretical and practical experiences can be used for the research and application of similar new-type spatial structures.
摘要:Chinese ancient architectures are valuable heritage of ancient culture of China. Many historical building have been preserved up to now. The researches on the structural mechanics of ancient architectures show the different aspects of structure and mechanics. Systematical studies on the structural mechanics of ancient architectures have been carried out at Xi'an Jiaotong University since 1982. It is related with the need of repair of some national preservation relics in Xi'an. These studies include: 1) Ancient wooden structures including three national preservation relics Arrow Tower at North City Gate, City Tower at East City Gate, and Baogao Temple in Ningbao, Zhejiang province. 2) Ancient tall masonry building, the Big Goose Pagoda and Small Goose Pagoda in Xi'an. 3) Mechanical characteristics of ancient soil under foundation and city wall; the influence of caves in and under the ancient City Wall on the stability of the wall. 4) The typical Chinese ancient building at the center of city: the Bell Tower and Drum tower. 5) The behavior of Dou-Gong and Joggle joint of Chinese ancient wooden structure. 6) The mechanical behavior of ancient soils under complex stress state. A new systematical strength theory, the unified strength theory, is used to analyze the stability of ancient city wall in Xi'an and foundation of tall pagoda built in Tang dynasty. These researches also concern differential settlements of Arrow Tower and resistance to earthquake of these historical architecture heritages. Some other studies are also introduced. This paper gives a summary of these researches. Preservation and research are nowadays an essential requirement for the famous monuments, buildings, towers and others. Our society is more and more conscious of this necessity, which involves increasing activities of restoration, and then sometimes also of repair, mechanical strengthening and seismic retrofitting. Many historical buildings have in fact problems of structural strength and stability; the need for further studies on structural mechanics and materials is definitely growing.
摘要:The design method for the shear resistance of aluminum alloy I-section members is presented, taking into consideration of the post-buckling strength of webs and the restraint effect of flanges, and the practical design formulas are proposed. The deflection of aluminum alloy I-section members under concentrated load is simulated by using the finite element method, and several design theories are discussed. The relation of shear resistance to the maximum web displacement reflects that the web of aluminum alloy I-section member is under fewer shears buckling force, while the whole member has higher shear resistance. However, the traditional design method is not able to give the real shear resistance of aluminum alloy I-section members. The proposed design formulas for the shear resistance of aluminum alloy I-section members is used to calculate accurately the post-buckling resistance of webs and the shear resistance contribution of flanges. The results are in a great agreement with the test data of Hamoodi M J, Burr C A, Evans H R and the results from Eurocode9 formulas.
摘要:Under cyclic loadings, the plastic strain of soft soil will take place under very small shear strain. So the viscoplastic model is appropriate to be used to model the dynamic characteristics of soft soil. Based on the principles of geotechnical plastic mechanics, the incremental visco-plastic memorial nested yield surface model is developed by using the field theory of nonlinear isotropic materials and the theory of kinematical hardening modulus. At the end of anyone time increment, the inverted loading surface, the damaged surface and the initial loading surface which is tangent with the inside of inverted loading surface are memorized respectively. The kinematical behavior of yield surface is defined by using these three surfaces. The developed model in this paper is successfully implemented in ABAQUS using FORTRAN subroutine. The predicted stress-strain relationships of soft soil are compared with the test results given by dynamic triaxial tests. It is proved that the cyclic undrained stress-strain relation of soils can be fairly simulated by the model. At last, the nonlinear earthquake response of a representative soft site in Nanjing city is calculated with the dynamic behavior of soils modeled by the new developed model. The results are accordant to the earthquake response of soft site given by other scholars.
摘要:Based on the testing results of 108 high-strength concrete columns under constant axial loading and horizontal cyclic loading, the relations between the drift ratio at yield, the maximum displacement drift, the limiting displacement drift, the ductility ratio of testing columns and shear span-to-depth ratio, axial compression ratio, confining reinforcement characteristic values, the ratio of cover area to confined core area as well as longitudinal reinforcement ratio are discussed in this paper. Then the relations between limiting displacement drifts and axial compression ratio, confining reinforcement characteristic values and the ratio of cover area to confined core area are analytically regressed. Subsequently the relations between confining reinforcement characteristic values and axial compression ratio, the limiting displacement drift, and the practical formula used to calculate confining reinforcement characteristic values are put forward. In the end the minimum confining reinforcement characteristic values in the dense hoop regions of high-strength concrete columns are presented by comparatively analysis, and compared with ones in the design code (GB 50010-2002, P. R. China).
摘要:The problem of one-dimensional consolidation of over-consolidated saturated soil under time-dependent loading was studied based on semi-analytical method. The relevant computer code was developed by FORTRAN programming, and one-dimensional consolidation behavior of over-consolidated soil was investigated. It is shown that, unlike this described by traditional Terzaghi's consolidation theory, the rate of excess pore water pressure dissipation is different from that of settlement developing. The magnitude of load and that of pre-consolidation pressure as well as the loading rate has all significant influence on consolidation. With the increasing of pre-consolidation pressure and loading rate, the rate of consolidation increases correspondingly. However, an increase in load will slow down the consolidation rate.
摘要:This paper presented a new structural style cable-supported spatial grid, which was applied in large span dry coal sheds. The influence of configuration of cable on the force of cable and beam, the ratio of beam force to cable force and the deflection of span was investigated, and a rational configuration of cable was obtained. The results show that the cable-supported spatial grid can maximize the use of material strength, and have the advantages of low usage of steel, large span and sufficient headroom.
摘要:Static strength of multi-planar welded joints with seven brace members and one chord member made of circular hollow sections is investigated in the paper, based on the engineering practice of moveable roof trusses of Shanghai Qizhong Tennis Center. Firstly, comparative experiments were carried out on two model joints with a scale of 1:3. One joint was not reinforced, whereas the other was reinforced with ring stiffeners inside the chord member. Failure mode, stress distribution, plastic-zone development and ultimate load capacity of the joints were investigated, and effects of the ring stiffeners on the joint behavior were observed through the experiments. Secondly, finite element analysis of both the tested model joints was performed. The calculation results are in a good agreement with the experimental results, which indicated that the numerical analysis was quite effective. Finally, the strategy for enhancing strength of the complicated joint is discussed. Parameters study on the constructional details of ring stiffeners was carried out using FE method. The present research shows the multi-planar circular hollow section joint with high ratio of diameter to thickness of the chord and multiple braces is liable to chord plasticity under axial tension and compression on the braces. For the design of the joint, it is suggested that the ring stiffeners are installed insider the chord to meet needs of enough stiffness and strength. Both position and number of the stiffeners should be carefully determined based on the axial forces on the braces and their diameters. The stiffener thickness should not be less than the chord thickness, and the diameter of the hole at the center of the stiffener should not be greater than half of the chord diameter.
摘要:Present paper deals with the computing of passive earth pressure acting on the vertical rigid retaining wall supporting the soil mass subjected to water seepage. The basic assumptions of Coulomb's theory and the 2-dimensional steady flow function are used. Three Coulomb-type solutions for the passive earth pressures are presented for the walls provided with three different drainage systems respectively. Based on the general solutions, the variations of the critical inclination of the failure surface and the coefficient of passive earth pressure with increasing the effective friction angle of the soil mass, the soil/structure friction angle, and the water/soil unit weight ratio are discussed. Two tables with values of the coefficients of passive earth pressure for Cases 1 and 3 respectively are also presented.
摘要:To mitigate the seismic response of selfanchored suspension bridges, equations of motion governing the coupled system of bridge- magneto-rheological (MR) dampers subject to seismic excitation are formulated by employing the phenomenological model of MR dampers. A corresponding computer program is developed and employed for studying the seismic response control of a self-anchored suspension bridge with a main span of 350 m. The effect of variable current and number of dampers on seismic response control is investigated. The numerical results indicate the longitudinal displacement of the tower top and bridge girder decrease with the increase in input current and number of MR dampers attached longitudinally at the tower-girder connections, and the internal forces of the tower are effectively attenuated as well. It appears that small electronic current (0.5 A in this study) may sufficiently attenuate the seismic responses for practical engineering applications.
摘要:Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is suitable for structures in corrosive environment and long-span light-weight structures due to its high-strength, light-weight, and anti-corrosive qualities. The behavior of pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) pipes, which are the members of long-span lattice structures, under axial compression was investigated by tests. Short GFRP pipes were first tested to determine the basic mechanical properties. Then the stability of long GFRP pipes was studied by axially compressive tests in four groups with different slenderness ratios, twelve specimens totally. Based on the results of the tests and literature, the formula of the buckling load of composite pipes under axially compressive load was presented based on Perry formula. It can well predict the buckling failure load GFRP pipe under axial compression.
摘要:Based on a blind spot in the current design standard of steel structures,the large diameter thin-walled tube beam-columns are analyzed using nonlinear finite element method in this paper.The influence of several factors on stability capacity of the large diameter thinwalled tube beam-columns is taken into account.Thus,according to the correlative design standard of steel structures,and on the basis of the numerical analytical results by the finite element methods,the calculation formulas of the stability bearing capacity are presented for beam-column members of the large diameter thin-walled tubes.Three tests of thin-walled steel tube beam-columns were reported.Test results for deformations and ultimate strength are found to be in a good agreement with the corresponding values predicted by the calculation formulas,and the proposed methods can be used in design practice.
摘要:With deep humanized connotation,the classical Chinese garden uses human intuitive sensation and personal poetic observation to express natural sound phenomena.It differs from the rational modern soundscape in western countries.
摘要:In order to overcome the problem of being trapped by the local minima encountered in applying the simple genetic algorithm (GA) to search the critical slip surface of the slope,an improved procedure based on the harmony search algorithm is proposed.In the searching computation,the new solutions are obtained from the whole information of the current generation.The proposed method may be applied to calculate the minimum factors of safety of two complicated soil slopes.Comparison of the results with existing examples given by other authors has shown that the proposed method is feasible for stability analysis of soil slopes.
摘要:A finite element model simulating an experiment on unstiffened,overlapped circular hollow structure (CHS)K-joints was generated and validated by comparing the ultimate capacities,deformation processes and failure modes of the experimental results.Using this model,the stress distribution,propagation of plasticity and the failure modes of overlapped joints with through-brace-in-compression and welded hidden seams were analyzed.The effect of geometric parameters,with or without hidden welds,and the loading hierarchy reversal of braces on the ultimate capacity of the joints were also studied.The results of finite element parametric analysis indicate that the brace-tochord thickness ratio has relatively large effects on the failure mechanism and ultimate capacity of overlapped joints.It was also found that the absence of hidden welds has less significance on the ultimate capacity of through-brace-incompression joints than through-brace-in tension joints.Finally,based on the design equation of gap joints,a formula predicting the ultimate capacity of overlapped CHS K-joints was derived by applying multivariate regression analysis.Results from the proposed design equation are consistent with experimental results.
摘要:The dynamic characteristics of bridge structures are the basis of structural dynamic response and seismic analysis,and are also an important target of health condition monitoring.In this paper,a three-dimensional finite-element model is first established for a highway bridge over a railroad on No.312 National Highway.Based on design drawings,the dynamic characteristics of the bridge are studied using finite element analysis and ambient vibration measurements.Thus,a set of data is selected based on sensitivity analysis and optimization theory;the finite element model of the bridge is updated.The numerical and experimental results show that the updated method is more simple and effective,the updated finite element model can reflect the dynamic characteristics of the bridge better,and it can be used to predict the dynamic response under complex external forces.It is also helpful for further damage identification and health condition monitoring.
摘要:Through the tri-axial shearing tests of unsaturated intact loess and based on the concept of comprehensive soil structural potential,this paper reveals the changing laws of soil structural property under the triaxial stress conditions and establishes a mathematical expression equation of structural parameters,whereby reflecting the effects of unsaturated loess water content,stress and strain states,which is introduced into the shearing stress and shearing strain relation to obtain the structural stress-strain relation.The tests reveal that the loess dilatancy is of shearing contraction and shearing expansion,whereby indicating that there is a good linear relation between the stress ratio and shearing expansion strain ratio.The larger consolidation confining pressure is,the larger the stress of shearing contraction and expansion critical point is;and the larger water content is,the smaller the strain ratio of shearing contraction and expansion critical point is.Finally,the constitutive model is established to reflect the variation in loess structure,stressstrain softening and hardening,and shearing contraction and shearing expansion features.Through the comparative analysis,the stress-strain curves described by the constitutive relationship are found to be in good conformity with test results,whereby testing the rationality of the model in this paper.
摘要:The mix ratio of steel fiber reinforced concrete(SFRC)was optimized using the principles that workability must meet the pumping demand and anti-cracking performance should be optimal.The effect of SFRC on the initial cracking load,the ultimate load and the crack width of the reinforced concrete (RC) member were analyzed in this paper.It was found that the admixture had good preservation of moisture and adhesion and the fibers distributed homogeneously in one hour out of the machine.According to the pumping results,the SFRC could be pumped vertically up to 306 m.Based on the standard computation formula of cracks,the maximum crack width of an RC member with 0.8% steel fiber (by volume) is about 32% lower than that of standard RC member.Through an experimental research on full-scale model tests for the steel and concrete composite anchorage zone on a pylon,the SFRC not only remarkably increases the crack resistance and the ultimate load,but the initial load also improves 33% approximately.It is also indicated that plastic shrinkage cracking of SFRC in which volume fraction of steel fibers is 0.8% can be restrained obviously and the unrestrained drying shrinkage can be diminished by about 50% at early age.The results confirmed that the SFRC can lessen the shrinkage crack of concrete and enhance markedly the direct tensile strength.Therefore,the SFRC can solve the key question of crack resistance for the anchorage zone of a bridge tower.
摘要:It has been reported several times that train derailment occurs when mixed marshalling freight trains traverse bridges at high speeds in China.This study aims to explain this phenomenon numerically based on the train-bridge coupling vibration theory and its associated computer program.The train-bridge vibration characteristic is analyzed by a computer program when mixed marshalling freight trains traverse 32-meter-span prestressed concrete simple beam bridges.The mechanism that dynamic responses of the bridges are prominent and that empty trains are inclined to derail are derived from the dynamic responses analysis.The analysis indicates that the significant differences of axle loads between heavy vehicles and empty vehicles produce periodic forced loadings of large amplitudes.These periodic loadings cause severe vibration of bridges.In turn,severe vibration of the bridges produces intensive counteraction to empty vehicles.
摘要:A normalized space constructed by tensor product is used in field function approach to give a special case of moving least squares (MLS) interpolation scheme.In the regular domain,the field function which meets homogenous boundary conditions is constructed by spanning base space to make the MLS interpolation scheme simpler and more efficient.Owing to expanded basis functions selection,some drawbacks in general MLS method,for example repeated inversion,low calculation efficiency,and complex criterions,can be avoided completely.Numerical examples illustrate that the proposed method is characterized by simple mathematical concept,convenient repeat calculations with high accuracy,good continuity,less computation and rapid convergence.
摘要:Adopting the ASTM C666 quick freeze-thaw method,freeze-thaw tests with the number of freeze-thaw cycles being 0,100,150,200,250,and 300,were carried out on eighteen concrete prism specimens,the frost-resistant level of which,reaches D300 grade.The internal micro-structures of these specimens were observed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to detect damages caused by the freeze-thaw action.Afterwards these frozen-thawed specimens were tested on monotonic axial load;stress-strain testing curves after the freeze-thaw action were obtained.The testing results show that with the increasing time of freeze-thaw cycles,both the internal micro-structures and the basic mechanical parameters,including the ultimate bearing capacity,the Poisson ratio and the modulus of elasticity,degenerate in various degrees.Finally,stress-strain theoretical curvilinear equations and correlated parameters relating to the loss of relative dynamic modulus of elasticity were proposed.These results provide great reference for further research on the behavior and the calculation model of concrete structures in a freeze-thaw environment.
摘要:Stresses and deflections were measured in various semi-continuous composite beams.The bending and rotational capacities of the composite connections were measured in terms of beam curvatures and deflections by using two full-scale semi-rigid composite frames with monotonic loadings.The effect of semi-rigid connections on the performance of composite beams with various loadings was compared with predictions and codes.The tests show that the semi-continuous composite beams are more economic and effective than the simple or continuous composite beams.The semi-rigid connections affect the bending capacities and beam deflections,so the connection behavior should be considered in the design of composite beams.Yielding analysis of the steel beam bottom flange has some influence on the deflection calculation of composite beams.
摘要:In order to study the influence of organic matter on the mechanical properties of stabilized soil and the effect of XGL2005 on stabilizing organic soil,unconfined compressive strength tests were carried out.Test results indicated that the strength of stabilized soil decreased in the form of a logarithmic function as the organic matter content increased.In contrast,the strength increased in the form of a power function as the content of the stabilization agent increased.The strength of cement stabilized organic soil was reinforced greatly by adding the stabilizer XGL2005.Based on the law obtained from the test,a strength prediction model was established by regression analysis.The model included the influence of the curing time,the content of the cement,the organic matter content and the stabilization agent on the strength of stabilized soil.
摘要:The 2005 AISC LRFD Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings are making it possible for designers to recognize explicitly the structural resistance provided within the elastic and inelastic ranges of beha-vior and up to the maximum load limit state. There is an increasing awareness of the need for practical second-order analysis approaches for a direct determination of overall structural system response. This paper attempts to present a simple, concise and reasonably comprehens-ive introduction to some of the theoretical and practical approaches which have been used in the traditional and modern processes of design of steel building structures.
摘要:The monitoring of fatigue stress of steel bridge is a key issue of bridge health monitoring and safety assessment. This paper aims to find out the strain history features of the girder components of Runyang Suspension Bridge (RYSB) under vehicle and environmental loading during its first year of service based on the strain-history data recorded by structural health monitoring system installed in the bridge. The fatigue stress spectrums of steel box girders under normal traffic load, heavy trucks and typhoon loads were studied as well as the correlation between varying strain and temperature based on real-time monitoring of temperature histories. The results show that, monitoring on local strain in health monitoring systems of RYSB can effectively provide the information on fatigue stresses. The range of the equivalent fatigue stress on the monitoring location of the bridge is currently low, mainly due to varying traffic loading and temper-ature. There exists significant correlation between varying temperature and mean value of fatigue stress. Effect of the passing of heavy trucks on bridge fatigue is quite signifi-cant since the value of the cumulative fatigue damage generated by heavy trucks is 10 to 100 times larger than that by normal traffic. Therefore, the effect on fatigue cumulative damage due to heavy trucks or overloaded vehicles needs to be monitored and paid much attention to.
摘要:By simulation tests of concrete specimens in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution and seawater, and based on micro mechanism analysis, this paper evaluates the stray current corrosion resistance of concrete specimens of dif-ferent mixture ratios, and reaches a conclusion that the capability to resist stray current corrosion of optimally designed concrete mixed with good-quality fly ash and powdered slag is increased by over 5 times more than the reference concrete with the same water to binder ratio, and the service life of such kind of concrete meets the basic requirement of a metro project.
摘要:Magnesia Concrete is a kind of expansive con-crete used in Chinese hydraulic engineering more and more widely. To evaluate the effects of autogenous expan-sion on the stresses of arch dams, a simple model of auto-genous expansion for Magnesia Concrete in dam engineering is presented. This model is based on three assumptions: 1) the total amount of autogenous expan-sion of Magnesia Concrete is related only to the properties of materials and mixing of concrete; 2) the autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete is irreversible due to the irreversibility of hydration reaction of Magnesia in the concrete; 3) the autogenous expansion strain rates of Magnesia Concrete bear a relation between temperature and residual Magnesia per unit volume of concrete. The model is verified by some experimental data of autogen-ous expansion of Magnesia Concrete and field-measured data of an arch dam in China. Embedded into finite ele-ment arch dam simulation software, this model is employed to simulate the effects of autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete in hydraulic engineering.
摘要:To evaluate the remaining durability of con-crete materials after combustion, the permeability of high strength concrete (HSC) after combustion was studied. The transport behavior of chloride ion, water and air in concrete after combustion and the effect of temperature, strength grade, and aggregation on the permeability of HSC after combustion are investigated by chloride ion permeability coefficient (Dc), water permeability coef-ficient (Dw) and air permeability coefficient (Da). The experiment results show that all three permeability coeffi-cients commendably reflect changes of permeability. The permeability coefficient increases with the evaluation tem-perature. After the same temperature, the permeability coefficient of HSC is lower than that of normal strength concrete (NSC). However, the degree of degradation of permeability coefficient of HSC is greater than that of NSC. The permeability resistance of HSC containing limestone is better than that of HSC containing basalt. Combining changes of compressive strength and per-meability, the remaining durability of concrete materials after combustion is appropriately evaluated.
摘要:In the article of Masood ul Hasan et al.,1 an error occurred in the name of the fourth author.The correct name should be Ruinan He.The online version of this article has been updated.REFERENCE 1.Masood ul Hasan I,Peng L,Mao J,et al.Carbon-based metal-free catalysts for electrochemical CO_(2) reduction:Activity,selectivity,and stability.Carbon Energy.2021;3(1):24-49.https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.87.
摘要:Formulas for computing natural frequencies and modes of Hardfill dams are derived based on one-dimensional shear wedge theory, in which the influences of the upstream concrete face and hydrodynamic pressure of water on the dams' natural frequencies and modes are discussed. Furthermore, the seismic responses of Hardfill dams are calculated using response spectrum method. An example is analyzed to compare the differences of natural frequencies and modes between shear wedge method and FEM. Then the applicability and accuracy of shear wedge method to analyze free vibration characteristics of Hardfill dams are proven.