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中国减灾（英文版）

中国减灾（英文版）

Natural Disaster Reduction in China
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    国际刊号/ISSN：1004-3470
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    主办单位：中国国际减灾十年委员会办公室
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中国减灾（英文版） >2003年第4期

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  • 摘要：@@ With a wide and complicated territory, a large span of latitude from the south to the north and distinct monsoon variations, China is one of those areas afflicted with frequent meteorological disasters in the world, such as drought, flood, typhoon, megatherm, cool injury, early frost and snow, which have taken on an aggravating tendency in recent years. In 1991, the ChangjiangHuaihe Region (CHR) witnessed a severe, sustained flood rarely seen in the past decades. In 1994, floods attacked South China, North China and Northeast China, whereas the CHR suffered from the disaster of drought and the coastal areas from frequent typhoons, which caused great damages to the comparatively better-developed eastern region.
  • 摘要：@@ Great accomplishments have been made in seismic disaster reduction in China's engineering construction and city construction projects during the past decade (1990～2000). A new national map on the division of seismic intensity has been promulgated, and a series of anti-seismic standards and norms have been drafted or revised, which has further improved the country's technical code system on anti-seismic engineering measures.
  • 摘要：@@ Comrades,The theme of this year's international disaster reduction day is "Disaster Prevention, Education and Youth". The purpose of this meeting is to review the activities we have taken for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), to summarize our achievements and experience with disaster reduction, to predict the disaster reduction situation and mission that China is to face in the 21st century, and to identify the appropriate approaches to work in the future. This is very important to disaster reduction in our country in the new century.Mr. Duojicairan has just given an overall summary of the activities taken by China for IDNDR.Leaders from the Ministry of Education (MOE) and the Forestry Administration (FA) have also introduced their endeavors and experience in education on disaster reduction and in forest fire disaster reduction respectively. Besides, members of CCIDNDR and experts from the Disaster Reduction Panel have presented their ideas and suggestions on how to promote disaster reduction in China in the new century, which are very constructive. In the following passage, I'd like to make a few points on how to further carry out disaster reduction in our country.
  • 摘要：@@ In response to the call of the UN, China established in April 1989 the "China Committee for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (CCIDNDR)", which was chaired by a vicepremier of the State Council and involved 28 ministries and commissions. As one of the members of the Committee, China Seismic Administration (CSA) has made it a holy mission to prevent and reduce seismic disasters.
  • 摘要：@@ For nearly ten years, agricultural disaster reduction has made great progress. The conditions for agricultural yielding have been improved continually, the country's anti-disaster capability has seen much elevation, and the country's yields in grain, cotton, oil, sugarcane, fruits,vegetables, meat and aquatics products have achieved sustained growth.
  • 摘要：@@ The Ministry of Health has been an active participant in the activities of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. Following the assignment of the Government, the Ministry has taken the responsibility of conducting disaster relief and disease prevention in cooperation with departments concerned, and effectively prevented the happening and spreading of major epidemic diseases whenever the country suffered a catastrophic natural disaster. It has secured the health and safety of the people, avoided serious epidemics in disastrous years, and won great victories over disasters and diseases. The work of the Ministry is summarized as follows:
  • 摘要：@@ 1 Coastal economic-social development and marine disaster The ocean covers 71% of the earth's surface. It is the cradle of life on earth, the treasure of resources and an important adjuster of the environment. Now we have come to realize that exploration of the ocean is an important solution to global issues including resource shortage,population explosion and environmental degradation. Man must rely more and more on the ocean in order to achieve sustainable development. The 21st Century will be a century of the ocean.
  • 摘要：@@ Forest disasters mainly refer to insect pest, rodent damage, forest fire and frost damage. Snow damage, windstorm, drought, flooding, landslide, mud-rock flow, environmental pollution and so on all cause damages to forest resources. The greatest damage is caused by forest disease,insect pests, rodents and fire. With the large-scale exploiture and serious denudation of primitive secondary forests, the appearance of artificial pure forests on a massive scale and the deterioration of the national forest eco-environment, forest damages caused by diseases, insect pests and rats have been on the increase, with the afflicted area doubling every ten years on the average for the period 1949～1989.
  • 摘要：@@ Global climatic change caused by human factors has become a major issue of increasing international concern. Climatic change may lead to irreversible change to the climatic system on the global scale, and thus result in immeasurable change to the living environment of mankind.
  • 摘要：Some related problems in disaster research are presented. The paper concludes that catastrophology is an extremely important natural-social science, that human calamities are even more destructive than natural disasters and that research on disasters such as highway traffic accidents, nuclear wars, population expansion, environment pollution and the like are of important practical meaning and far-reaching historic significance.
  • 摘要：@@ The author had the opportunity to attend the 3rd Conference on the Conservative Land in East Asia in Seoul, Korea in September 1999, whose theme was " 21st Century Strategies for Protected Areas in East Asia". As the majority of protected areas in China is located in mountain areas,since the government announced prohibition of any commercial wood cutting, all mountains have become sort of protected areas in a certain degree. The following is a brief introduction on the major issues discussed at the conference.
  • 摘要：This paper analyzes the agricultural impacts of meteorological disasters, such as flood and drought, and biological disasters such as crop diseases, insect pests, weeds and rodents; and elaborates that efficacious development and utilization of biological resources are an effective way to preventing and mitigating agricultural disasters. Subjects for research on the development of biological resources are identified.
  • 摘要：This paper presents a study of strategies on the construction of China's scientific and caltural capacities for security-oriented disaster reduction from a cross-disciplinary perspective and based on an analysis of the causes of disasters and accidents in China in the 20th century and a prediction of the disaster situation in the 21st century.
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  • 摘要：The lower reaches of the Yellow River is in the danger of changing course, as has been indicated by the annually increasing prolong and advance of its drain season and the annually increasing extension of its drain section. The impacts of this tendency have been partially shown by the tremendous economic loss and serious damage to the ecological balance. This paper makes an analysis of the causes of the drain of the Yellow River, its harmful impacts, and our inadequacy of knowledge. It also proposes some solutions to this problem for discussion.
  • 摘要：无
  • 摘要：@@ A cluster of seismic disasters attacked many areas of the world in 1999, such as the 7.4 Ms earthquake in Turkey on 17 August and the 7. 6 Ms earthquake in Chinese Taiwan on 21 September, causing great casualty and enormous property loss. How to raise the aseismatic capacity of cities has since become a hot topic of public concern worldwide.
  • 摘要：Volcano eruption is one of the most serious geological disasters in the world. There are volcanoes in every territory on the earth, about a thousand in China, among which Changbai Mountain Volcano, Wudalianchi Volcano and Tengchong Volcano are the most latent catastrophic eruptive active volcanoes. The paper, following an instance of Changbai Mountain Volcano, expounds that monitoring, forecasting and estimating volcano disaster by building Volcano Disaster Information System (VDIS) is feasible to alleviate volcano disaster.
  • 摘要：The 2nd UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction convened in July 1999 proposed the "Geneva Strategy" which highlighted the need that disaster reduction should be focused on cities and communities in the 21st Cent try. Having long been engaged in research on urban disaster reduction, the author noticed that although great importance has been attached to natural disasters and related accidents in recent years, little attention has been paid to urban industrial accidents that constitute the biggest threat to cities. Urban disaster reduction should be given enough attention whether in developing large and medium-sized cities or promoting the construction of small towns in China. Attention should be paid not only to the research on the mechanism of industrial accidents,but also to industrial construction and disaster reduction planning and layout. This is of strategic importance to sustainable development.
  • 摘要：On the basis of the interpretation of capacity building for sustainable development (CBSD) provided in Agenda 21, the paper develops a definition of CBSD for the first time by giving a full account of this basic concept and its essential connotation. Besides, a theoretical analysis of the importance, approach and role of capacity building in implementing the strategy of sustainable development is presented.
  • 摘要：The paper presents a detailed account of the status quo and potential hazards of geological environmental disasters (GED) in Qinghai Province as well as a systematic analysis of the formation and evolution of GED and of the threat and loss caused to the life and property of the local people. Recommendations on how to take effective measures to prevent and control the GED in Qinghai are provided.
  • 摘要：The paper mainly deals with disaster and presents a discussion and analysis of disaster economy study and its development. It also addresses some noteworthy issues in disaster economy study with a view to promoting disaster prevention and reduction.
  • 摘要：@@ 1 Natural disastersIn 2000, the country suffered a lot from natural disasters, including droughts, floods, hails,typhoons, earthquakes, dust devils, snow, microtherms and cool injuries and so on. According to the 2000 statistics checked and ratified jointly by the Ministry of Civil Affairs (MOCA), State Statistical Administration (SSA), China Meteorological Administration (CMA) and the National Office of Headquarters for Flood Control and Drought Resistance, the country suffered a disasterhit crop area of 54 690 000 hectares, 34 370 000 hectares of which seriously affected and 10 150 000 hectares being a total crop failure, up 9%, 28. 5% and 49. 2% respectively from 1999; a total of 456 000 000 people were affected, up 29.1% from the previous year; 279 000 000 people were seriously affected, up 23. 4% from the year before; 3 014 persons died from the disasters, increasing by 18 persons; 4 671 000 victims were urgently transferred for resettlement,down 29. 7% from the year before; and 1 473 000 houses collapsed, reduced by 15.5% compared with the last year. In partial areas, damages were done at varying degrees to industrial & mining enterprises and public facilities.
  • 摘要：The article summarizes the achievements of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) and briefs the International Strategy of Disaster Reduction (ISDR) which is being carried out on a global scale in the 21st Century. It also presents the developments, components and workings of the China Disaster Reduction Center (CDRC), emphasizing its role in the integrated disaster reduction in contemporary China.The frequently seen natural and artificial disasters in China's urban areas are summed up with proposals on the overall planning, organization, programming, system, engineering, counterplans and preventive experiments of integrated urban disaster reduction.The article finally defines the relationship between CDRC and integrated urban disaster reduction, and proposes measures for promoting the development of CDRC. It stresses that all efforts of disaster prevention and mitigation in China will serve its long-range strategic goals. It is expected that the direct economic loss from disasters in China will decrease from the current 3. 8% to 0. 5% of China's GNP in 100 years, thus catching up with the developed countries in this field and making an important contribution to the sustained social-economic development of the country.
  • 摘要：@@ 1 The concept of flood risk map and its mapping procedure Flood risk management is the process for analysis and assessment of flood risks as well as to form nd implement the disaster mitigation plans. Flood risk analysis is the basic work of flood risk assessment and management that can provide people with the possibilities of flood occurrence and its risk in specific areas and consequently raise the public awareness of flood help to form a reasonable flood prevention plan. However, flood risk mapping is a popular measure adopted by many countries and it provides possible flood areas and water levels as well as possible losses in a friendly way. To form a flood risk map, it is neccessary to allocate the historical information,compute the flood risk and analyze the data.
  • 摘要：The global climate in 2000 kept warmer than that in the average year. The strong La Nina weakened abruptly after reaching its second peak value over the central and eastern Pacific region along the equator in January. The event had significant impacts upon the world climate, especially that in the tropical regions. Many areas of the Northern Hemisphere suffered severe cold weather in winter and heat wave in summer. The globe was afflicted with severe high temperature, drought and forest fire, whereas many areas in southern Asia, Western Europe, southern Africa, and northern South America were frequently attacked by storm rainfall. It is estimated that the global economic loss caused by weather disasters in 2000 was over $100 billion with hundreds of millions of people affected.
  • 摘要：@@ 1 Western development strategy is nationwide.The Western development strategy is initiated from the general goal, the overall arrangement and the general strategic deployment of the nation's development. The followings are included:(1) the initiative factors of the western development strategy are: a tremendous economic growth in the eastern and coastal area of China; an unprecedented development of the national abilities on investment and independent growth; the widening gap between the eastern and western regions;a necessary upgrade and readjustment of industrial structures; a more specific readjustment of regional industrial work dividing.

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