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Tannins in nutrient dynamics of forest ecosystems - a review [Review]

机译：单宁在森林生态系统养分动态中的作用[综述]

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Tannins make up a significant portion of forest carbon pools and foliage and bark may contain up to 40% tannin. Like many other plant secondary compounds, tannins were believed to function primarily as herbivore deterrents. However, recent evidence casts doubts on their universal effectiveness against herbivory. Alternatively, tannins may play an important role in plant - plant and plant - litter - soil interactions. The convergent evolution of tannin-rich plant communities on highly acidic and infertile soils throughout the world, and the intraspecific variation in tannin concentrations along edaphic gradients suggests that tannins can affect nutrient cycles. This paper reviews nutrient dynamics in forest ecosystems in relation to tannins. Tannins comprise a complex class of organic compounds whose concentration and chemistry differ greatly both among and within plant species. Because the function and reactivity of tannins are strongly controlled by their chemical structure, the effects of tannins on forest ecosystem processes are expected to vary widely. Tannins can affect nutrient cycling by hindering decomposition rates, complexing proteins, inducing toxicity to microbial populations and inhibiting enzyme activities. As a result, tannins may reduce nutrient losses in infertile ecosystems and may alter N cycling to enhance the level of organic versus mineral N forms. The ecological consequences of elevated tannin levels may include allelopathic responses, changes in soil quality and reduced ecosystem productivity. These effects may alter or control successional pathways. While a great deal of research has addressed tannins and their role in nutrient dynamics, there are many facets of tannin biogeochemistry that are not known. This lack of information hinders a complete synthesis of tannin effects on forest ecosystem processes and nutrient cycling. Areas of study that would help clarify the role of tannins in forest ecosystems include improved characterization and quantification techniques, enhanced understanding of structure-activity relationships, investigation of the fate of tannins in soil, further determination of the influence of environmental factors on plant tannin production and decomposition, and additional information on the effects of tannins on soil organisms.
机译：单宁占森林碳库的很大一部分，树叶和树皮可能含有高达40％的单宁。像许多其他植物次生化合物一样，单宁被认为主要起草食动物的威慑作用。但是，最近的证据使人们怀疑它们对食草动物的普遍有效性。另外，单宁可能在植物-植物和植物-凋落物-土壤相互作用中起重要作用。世界各地在高酸性和不育土壤上单宁含量高的植物群落的趋同进化，以及单宁浓度沿土壤梯度变化的种内变化表明，单宁酸可以影响养分循环。本文综述了与单宁有关的森林生态系统养分动态。单宁酸是一类复杂的有机化合物，其浓度和化学性质在植物物种之间和植物内部都大不相同。由于单宁的功能和反应性受其化学结构的强烈控制，因此单宁对森林生态系统过程的影响有望发生很大变化。单宁酸可以通过阻碍分解速率，复合蛋白质，诱导对微生物种群的毒性以及抑制酶的活性来影响营养循环。结果，单宁酸可以减少不育生态系统中的养分流失，并可以改变氮素循环从而提高有机态氮与无机态氮的含量。单宁水平升高的生态后果可能包括化感反应，土壤质量变化和生态系统生产力下降。这些影响可能会改变或控制连续路径。尽管针对单宁及其在营养动力学中的作用进行了大量研究，但单宁生物地球化学的许多方面尚不为人所知。缺乏信息阻碍了单宁作用对森林生态系统过程和养分循环的全面合成。研究领域将有助于阐明单宁在森林生态系统中的作用，包括改进的表征和定量技术，加深对结构-活性关系的了解，对土壤中单宁命运的调查，进一步确定环境因素对植物单宁生产的影响和分解，以及有关单宁酸对土壤生物的影响的其他信息。

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