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首页> 外文期刊>Plant and Soil >Cover crops influence soil properties and tree performance in an organic apple (Malus domestica Borkh) orchard in northern Patagonia.
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Cover crops influence soil properties and tree performance in an organic apple (Malus domestica Borkh) orchard in northern Patagonia.

机译：在巴塔哥尼亚北部的一个有机苹果（Malus domestica Borkh）果园中，覆盖作物会影响土壤特性和树木生长。

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Little is known about the effects of cover crops on soil properties in organic orchards. To fill this gap, this work aimed at examining the effects of several cover crops on soil fertility, nitrate dynamics, populations of nematodes and tree performance in an organic orchard of apple cv. Royal Gala/EM 26 planted in 1994 at 4x2 m. In 1999 the following treatments were randomly applied to the inter-row spaces of 20 tree rows each: permanent cover of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plus fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schribn.), Alfalfa/fescue (AF); permanent cover of strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.), Strawberry clover (SC); seeding of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), Vetch (V); and Control (C) (natural vegetation of grasses and legumes with the soil disked twice in late winter, which is the traditional management system used by growers in this region). The cover crops were mowed 3 or 4 times during the growing season and the clippings were left on the ground for decomposition. The trial was conducted in the northern Patagonia region of Argentina in a sandy loam soil with a pH of 7.6 and initial organic matter content of 1.5%. A commercially available certified organic fertilizer containing 5% total N, 2% total P and 4% total K was added annually at a rate of 1.0 kg per tree in equal amounts to each treatment in a radius of 0.4 m around the trunk. After 6 years, soil organic matter in the top soil was 31, 27.9, 23 and 18.6 g kg-1 for SC, AF, V and C treatments, respectively. Total soil N followed the same trend. Apple leaf N declined steadily in all treatments especially in AF and C from year 3 to 5 with values below 1.8% and it was therefore necessary to increase the rate of organic fertilizer. Nitrate concentrations remained under 7.5 mg kg-1 during the winter months in all treatments and increased in spring and summer. A sharp increase in soil nitrate, up to 100 ppm, was observed in late spring in V due to rapid biomass decomposition after maturation of the common vetch. Populations of nematodes especially bacterivores and herbivores increased from September (late winter) to March (fall) in the V treatment. Significant differences were observed when we compared the effects of treatments on the entire nematode population. Tree growth as measured by trunk cross sectional area and canopy volume was significantly lower in the C treatment. Apple yield was also lower in the C treatment in years 5 and 6 while no differences were found among the seeded cover crops. Thus, our soil management treatments did affect soil properties, tree growth and yield. Disking is not a recommended practice because it may decrease the concentration of soil organic matter and leads to poor tree vigour that corresponds to low fruit bearing potential. However, even with the use of permanent cover crops the addition of organic fertilizers is needed in order to sustain yield and tree vigour..
机译：关于覆盖作物对有机果园土壤特性的影响知之甚少。为了填补这一空白，这项工作旨在研究几种有盖作物对苹果简历有机果园中土壤肥力，硝酸盐动态，线虫种群和树木生长的影响。 Royal Gala / EM 26于1994年以4x2 m种植。在1999年，以下处理被随机应用于每行20棵树的行间空间：苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）的永久覆盖加上羊茅（Festuca arundinacea Schribn。），苜蓿/羊茅（AF）的永久覆盖;草莓三叶草（Trifolium fragiferum L.），草莓三叶草（SC）的永久覆盖物;普通紫etch（Vicia sativa L.），紫etch（V）的种子; （C）（草和豆类植物的自然植被，土壤在冬季末两次播种，这是该地区种植者使用的传统管理系统）。在生长季节，将农作物修剪了3到4次，修剪下来的草屑留在地面上进行分解。该试验在阿根廷北部的巴塔哥尼亚地区的沙质壤土中进行，pH值为7.6，初始有机物含量为1.5％。每年以每棵树1.0 kg的比率添加一种与总处理量相等的量的，总氮含量为5％，总磷含量为2％和总钾含量为4％的可商购获得的有机肥料，在树干周围的半径为0.4 m。 6年后，对于SC，AF，V和C处理，表层土壤的有机质分别为31、27.9、23和18.6 g kg-1。土壤总氮呈相同趋势。从第3年到第5年，在所有处理中，特别是在AF和C中，苹果叶N均稳定下降，其值低于1.8％，因此有必要提高有机肥的施用率。在所有处理中，硝酸盐浓度在冬季均保持在7.5 mg kg-1以下，春季和夏季则有所增加。由于普通紫etch成熟后生物量快速分解，春季晚春土壤中硝酸盐的急剧增加高达100 ppm。在V处理中，线虫特别是噬菌体和食草动物的种群从9月（冬季末）到3月（秋季）增加。当我们比较治疗对整个线虫种群的影响时，观察到了显着差异。通过树干横截面积和冠层体积测量的树木生长在C处理中明显较低。在第5年和第6年的C处理中，苹果的产量也较低，而播种的覆盖作物之间没有发现差异。因此，我们的土壤管理处理方法确实会影响土壤特性，树木生长和产量。不建议使用圆盘打碟，因为这样做可能会降低土壤有机质的浓度，并导致树木活力差，这对应着较低的结实潜力。但是，即使使用永久性覆盖作物，也需要添加有机肥料以维持产量和树木活力。

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