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首页> 外文期刊>Plant and Soil >Mycorrhizas in agroforestry: spread and sharing of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi between trees and crops: complementary use of molecular and microscopic approaches.
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Mycorrhizas in agroforestry: spread and sharing of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi between trees and crops: complementary use of molecular and microscopic approaches.

机译：农林业中的菌根：树木和农作物之间的丛枝菌根真菌的传播和共享：分子和微观方法的互补使用。

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The spread of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from tree to crop roots was examined by molecular and microscopic methods in a glasshouse study. Growth of Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner trees inoculated with isolates of the AM fungi Glomus etunicatum Becker and Gerdemann and Gigaspora albida Schenck and Smith was monitored over an 18-month period. Three successive 'intercrops' of beans or maize were sown at 25, 50 and 75 cm distances from the tree and harvested during this period. At each crop harvest, the distribution of tree and crop roots and the spread of the inoculant fungi were determined using traditional microscopic methods and fungal specific primers. Both inoculants greatly improved the growth of the trees and colonization spread to the crops once the trees were 6 months old. However, benefits of inoculation to crop growth were not observed due to increased competition from the larger inoculated trees growing in a restricted soil volume. Of the two inoculant fungi, Glomus etunicatum appeared to be more mobile as it spread more rapidly, formed higher levels of colonization at increasing distances from the tree and was responsible for most of the mycorrhizal cross-contamination. In contrast, colonization of tree and crop roots by Gigaspora albida was higher nearest the tree. This work demonstrated the benefits of mycorrhizal fungus inoculation for tree growth and confirmed that trees and crops share the same AM fungi. Trees may therefore act as reservoirs of mycorrhizal fungi, either inoculant or indigenous, for surrounding crops or other annual vegetation. It was also shown that tree pruning, the normal practice in agroforestry systems, did not reduce mycorrhizal colonization or prevent spread to crops. However, the slow rates of inoculant spread found here suggest that it may take years before inoculants benefit the growth of crops sown several metres from the tree. The work also demonstrated that microscopic quantification of mycorrhizal colonization and the use of molecular probes to identify specific fungi within roots can complement each other effectively. Molecular probes were more sensitive at detecting mycorrhizal fungi than microscopic methods, but did not discriminate between full mycorrhizal structures and traces of hyphae.
机译：在温室研究中，通过分子和显微镜方法检查了丛枝菌根真菌（AM）真菌从树到作物根的传播。在18个月的时间内监测了接种AM真菌Glomus etunicatum Becker和Gerdemann以及Gigaspora albida Schenck和Smith的分离株的Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner树的生长情况。在距树25、50和75厘米的距离处播种三个连续的“间作”豆或玉米，并在此期间收获。在每次作物收获时，使用传统的显微镜方法和真菌特异性引物测定树木和作物根的分布以及接种真菌的传播。两种孕育剂都大大改善了树木的生长，一旦树龄达到六个月，定植菌就会传播到作物上。但是，由于在有限的土壤中生长的较大的接种树木的竞争加剧，因此未观察到接种对作物生长的好处。在这两种接种真菌中，Glomus etunicatum似乎更易移动，因为它传播得更快，在距树越来越远的地方形成了更高水平的定植，并且是大多数菌根交叉污染的原因。相反，Gigaspora albida对树木和农作物根的定植在离树木最近的地方更高。这项工作证明了菌根真菌接种对树木生长的好处，并证实树木和农作物共享相同的AM真菌。因此，树木可以用作周围作物或其他一年生植物的菌根真菌（无论是接种菌还是本地菌）的贮藏库。研究还表明，农林业系统中的常规做法是修剪树木不会减少菌根定植或阻止其蔓延至农作物。但是，这里发现的接种剂传播速度缓慢，表明接种剂可能需要数年的时间才能使从树上播种的农作物的生长受益。这项工作还证明，菌根定植的微观定量和分子探针在根部内鉴定特定真菌的使用可以有效地相互补充。分子探针在检测菌根真菌方面比显微镜方法更为灵敏，但不能区分完整的菌根结构和菌丝痕迹。

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