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Evaluating spatial within plot crop variability for different management practices with an optical sensor

机译：使用光学传感器评估不同管理实践下的田间作物变异性空间

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It is essential to have an indication of the sustainability of an agricultural system in addition to the potential, immediate benefits well before the catastrophic consequences of non-sustainability become apparent. Long-term experiments are best suited to test sustainability of a given system. This paper has a dual objective: (1) evaluate the Greenseeker handheld NDVI sensor as a tool for measuring within plot spatial variability, (2) address the question whether different management practices affect spatial within-plot crop growth variability and what this spatial variability tells us about the cropping system performance. Therefore, spatial and time variability of crop performance were measured during the 2004 and 2005 crop cycle for all plots of the different management treatments of a long-term (started 1991) tillage and residue management trial. The NDVI readings measured with the handheld sensor correlated well with the visual scoring in the field. The hand-held sensor is time-efficient and gave reproducible results. The potential for using this tool to detect spatial crop variability, both within and between plots/treatments, is promising. The coefficient of variation (CV) for the NDVI measurement sequence in each plot was determined. The CV's throughout the crop season reflected the canopy expansion and senescence curve of maize and wheat. The CV was high at the beginning of the crop season, however, once the canopy began to close, leaves from larger plants covered the leaves and whorl of smaller plants, extending further into the linear row. Measurements to investigate spatial variability related to crop performance should thus be done after this initial stage at the end of the vegetative period when the vegetative biomass of the crops is fully established. Zero tillage systems without surface residue retention produced high CVs of the NDVI sequence and high spatial crop variability throughout the season, even after the vegetative period. As the only factors differing between the different plots are the tillage/residue/rotation practices and as similar patterns were found for all plots representing repetitions of the same management practice (zero tillage without residue retention), increased variability is an indicator of agronomic mismanagement or, conversely, of sound agriculturally production practices.
机译：在非可持续性的灾难性后果变得明显之前，除了潜在的直接收益外，还必须说明农业系统的可持续性。长期实验最适合测试给定系统的可持续性。本文具有双重目标：（1）评估Greenseeker手持NDVI传感器作为测量样地内空间变异性的工具，（2）解决以下问题：不同的管理实践是否会影响样地内空间作物的生长变异性以及这种空间变异性说明了什么我们了解裁剪系统的性能。因此，在一项长期（从1991年开始）耕种和残留管理试验的不同管理措施的所有田间，在2004年和2005年作物周期内，测量了作物生长的空间和时间变异性。用手持式传感器测量的NDVI读数与现场的视觉评分很好相关。手持式传感器既省时又可重现。使用该工具来检测地块/处理之间以及之间的空间作物变异性的潜力是有希望的。确定了每个图中NDVI测量序列的变异系数（CV）。整个作物季节的变异系数反映了玉米和小麦的冠层膨胀和衰老曲线。作物季节开始时CV很高，但是当树冠开始关闭时，较大植物的叶子覆盖了较小植物的叶子和叶片，进一步延伸到线性行。因此，应在该初始阶段之后，营养期结束时（完全建立农作物的营养生物量）进行测量，以调查与农作物性能相关的空间变异性。零耕作系统没有残留表面残留物，即使在营养期过后，整个季节也会产生高NDVI序列的CV和较高的空间作物变异性。由于不同地块之间唯一的不同因素是耕作/残茬/轮作方式，并且在所有代表相同管理实践重复的地块（零耕作，没有残留物残留）上都发现了相似的模式，因此变异性的增加是农艺管理不当或耕作的指示。反之，则是良好的农业生产方式。

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