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首页> 外文期刊>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology: An International Journal for the Geo-Sciences >Effect of simulated faunal impoverishment and mixture on the ecological structure of modern mammal faunas: Implications for the reconstruction of Mio-Pliocene African palaeoenvironments
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Effect of simulated faunal impoverishment and mixture on the ecological structure of modern mammal faunas: Implications for the reconstruction of Mio-Pliocene African palaeoenvironments

机译：模拟动物贫困与混合对现代哺乳动物动物生态结构的影响：对重生上新世非洲古环境的启示

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The strong link between environment and the ecological diversity of communities is often used for drawing palaeoenvironmental inferences from fossil assemblages. Here we focus on the reliability of fossil samples in comparison to original communities when inferring palaeoenvironments from the ecological diversity of fossil mammal faunas. Taphonomic processes and sampling techniques generally introduce two kinds of biases in fossil samples: 1) the directional impoverishment of communities, i.e. the absence of some specific categories of bones, individuals or species; and 2) the mixture of several communities, temporally (time-averaging) and/or spatially (space-averaging). We explore the impact of such alterations on ecological diversity and taxonomic richness by simulating an impoverishment in small species (1-45. kg) and a mixture of communities on an original dataset of 50 modern African communities.The progressive impoverishment in small species in a mammal community induces a relative enrichment in terrestrial and grazing species and a depletion (or even the disappearance) of several ecological categories (e.g., fossorial, arboreal, sub-arboreal, frugivorous, omnivorous and insectivorous species), thus leading to the ecological homogenisation of the altered communities. Other categories (carnivorous species, browsers, mixed feeders and sub-aquatic species) prove stable and seem to be good estimates for the relative abundances in the parent communities. Ideally, palaeoenvironmental inferences should be drawn from those ecological categories. For strong degrees of impoverishment, the discriminating power of the ecological diversity is reduced and other proxies should be used. Once the degree of impoverishment is assessed, it becomes possible to consider the condensation of several communities into a single fossil sample by comparing its taxonomic richness with those of modern communities, first impoverished to the same level. The mixture of communities tends to increase the taxonomic richness but does not significantly modify the overall ecological diversity.As a case study, we applied this approach to 15 African mammal samples from the late Miocene-earliest Pliocene, a period of particular interest, as it saw the emergence of hominins, together with faunal turnovers, and major climatic and environmental changes. Most of our fossil samples, especially those that yielded early hominins, appear altered to different degrees by taphonomic processes and sampling techniques, meaning that their faunal structures may not be comparable and that their inferred palaeoenvironmental differences may not be genuine.
机译：环境与社区生态多样性之间的紧密联系通常用于从化石组合中得出古环境推断。在此，我们从化石哺乳动物动物群的生态多样性推断古环境时，将重点放在与原始社区相比的化石样品可靠性上。音速过程和采样技术通常会在化石样本中引入两种偏差：1）社区的定向贫困，即缺少某些特定类别的骨骼，个体或物种。 2）时间（时间平均）和/或空间（空间平均）的几个社区的混合。我们通过在50个现代非洲社区的原始数据集上模拟小型物种（1-45。kg）和社区的混合来研究这种改变对生态多样性和分类学丰富度的影响。哺乳动物群落引起陆生和放牧物种的相对富集，并导致若干生态类别（例如，窝，栖，亚栖，节食，杂食和食虫物种）的耗竭（甚至消失），从而导致了生态学的同质化。改变的社区。其他类别（食肉物种，浏览器，混食动物和亚水生物种）证明是稳定的，并且似乎可以很好地估计父母社区的相对丰度。理想情况下，应该从这些生态学类别中得出古环境推断。对于严重程度的贫困，生态多样性的辨别力会降低，应使用其他代理。一旦评估了贫困程度，就可以通过将其分类学丰富度与现代贫困社区的分类丰富度进行比较，从而将几个社区的凝结化为一个化石样本。社区的混合往往会增加分类学上的丰富度，但不会显着改变整体生态多样性。作为案例研究，我们将这种方法应用于中新世晚期上新世晚期的15个非洲哺乳动物样本中，这是一个特别令人感兴趣的时期。看到了人类素的出现，以及动物的更新，以及主要的气候和环境变化。我们的大多数化石样品，特别是那些产生早期人糖素的化石样品，由于采用了染色体程序和取样技术，似乎都发生了不同程度的变化，这意味着它们的动物结构可能不具有可比性，而且推断的古环境差异可能不是真实的。

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