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Effect of eggshell temperature and oxygen concentration on survival rate and nutrient utilization in chicken embryos

机译：蛋壳温度和氧气浓度对鸡胚成活率和养分利用的影响

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Environmental conditions during incubation such as temperature and O-2 concentration affect embryo development that may be associated with modifications in nutrient partitioning. Additionally, prenatal conditions can affect postnatal nutrient utilization. Using broiler chicken embryos, we studied the effects of eggshell temperature (EST; 37.8 or 38.9 degrees C) and O-2 (17, 21, or 25%) applied from d 7 until 19 of incubation in a 2 x 3 factorial design. Effects of these factors on embryonic survival, development, and nutrient utilization were assessed in the pre- and posthatch period. High EST reduced yolk-free body mass compared with normal EST (36.1 vs. 37.7 g), possibly through reduced incubation duration (479 vs. 487 h) and lower efficiency of protein utilization for growth (83.6 vs. 86.8%). Increasing O-2 increased yolk-free body mass (from 35.7 to 38.3 g) at 12 h after emergence from the eggshell, but differences were larger between the low and normal O-2 than between the normal and high O-2. This might be due to the lower efficiency of nutrient utilization for growth at low O-2. However, the effects of O-2 that were found at 12 h were less pronounced at 48 h posthatch. When O2 was shifted to 21% for all treatments at d 19 of incubation, embryos incubated at low O-2 used nutrients more efficiently than those incubated at normal or high O-2. An additional negative effect on survival and chick development occurred when embryos were exposed to a combination of high EST and low O-2. Possible explanations include reduced nutrient availability for hatching, decreased body development to fulfill the energy-demanding hatching process, and higher incidence of malpositions. In conclusion, EST and O-2 during incubation affect nutrient utilization for growth, which may explain differences in survival and development. Embryos raised under suboptimal environmental conditions in the prenatal period may develop adaptive mechanisms that still continue in the posthatch period.
机译：孵育过程中的环境条件（例如温度和O-2浓度）会影响胚胎发育，这可能与营养物分配的改变有关。此外，产前状况可能会影响产后营养物质的利用。我们使用肉鸡胚胎，研究了蛋壳温度（EST; 37.8或38.9摄氏度）和从孵化第7天到19天应用2 x 3因子设计的O-2（17、21或25％）的影响。在孵化前后，评估了这些因素对胚胎存活，发育和营养利用的影响。与正常EST相比，高EST减少了无蛋黄体重（36.1 vs. 37.7 g），这可能是由于孵育时间缩短（479 vs. 487 h）和蛋白质利用效率降低（83.6 vs. 86.8％）。 O-2增加从蛋壳中出来后12小时的无蛋黄体重（从35.7增至38.3 g），但低O-2和正常O-2之间的差异大于正常O-2和高O-2之间的差异。这可能是由于营养素在低O-2下生长的效率较低。但是，在孵化后48小时，在12小时发现的O-2的影响较不明显。当在培养的第19天将所有处理的O2转换为21％时，与在正常或高O-2下培养的胚相比，在低O-2下培养的胚更有效地利用了营养。当胚胎暴露于高EST和低O-2的组合下时，会对存活和雏鸡发育产生额外的负面影响。可能的解释包括减少孵化所需的养分，降低人体发育以满足能量需求的孵化过程，以及错位发生率更高。总之，孵化过程中的EST和O-2影响营养物质对生长的利用，这可能解释了生存和发育的差异。在产前期在次优环境条件下饲养的胚胎可能会形成适应机制，这些机制在孵化后阶段仍会持续。

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