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Mechanisms regulating feed intake, energy expenditure, and body weight in poultry

机译：调节家禽采食量，能量消耗和体重的机制

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摘要

To achieve energy balance and maintain a constant BW, changes in feed intake and energy expenditure must be coordinated and tightly regulated. This may not hold true for some poultry species intensively selected for such economically important traits as growth and meat production. For example, the modern commercial broiler breeder does not adequately control voluntary feed intake to meet its energy requirements and maintain energy balance. As a consequence, feeding must be limited in these birds to avoid overconsumption and excessive fattening during production. It is important to determine a genetic basis to help explain this situation and to offer potential strategies for producing more efficient poultry. This review summarizes what is currently known about the control of feed intake and energy expenditure at the gene level in birds. Highly integrated regulatory systems have been identified that link the control of feeding with the sensing of energy status. How such systems function in poultry is currently being explored. One example recently identified in chickens is the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway that links energy sensing with modulation of metabolic activity to maintain energy homeostasis at the cellular level. In the hypothalamus, this same pathway may also play an important role in regulating feed intake and energy expenditure commensurate with perceived whole body energy needs. Genes encoding key regulatory factors such as hormones, neuropeptides, receptors, enzymes, and transcription factors produce the molecular components that make up intricate and interconnected neural, endocrine, and metabolic pathway networks linking peripheral tissues with the central nervous system. Moreover, coordinate expression of specific gene groups can establish functional pathways that respond to and are regulated by such factors as hormones, nutrients, and metabolites. Thus, with a better understanding of the genetic and molecular basis for regulating feed intake and energy expenditure in birds important progress can be made in developing, evaluating, and managing more efficient commercial poultry lines.
机译：为了达到能量平衡并保持恒定的体重，必须协调并严格控制饲料摄入量和能量消耗的变化。对于某些因生长和肉类生产等经济上重要的特征而精挑细选的家禽，这可能不成立。例如，现代商业肉鸡育种商没有充分控制自愿采食量以满足其能量需求并维持能量平衡。因此，必须限制这些禽类的饲喂，以避免在生产过程中过度食用和过度肥育。重要的是要确定遗传基础，以帮助解释这种情况并提供潜在的策略来生产效率更高的家禽。这篇综述总结了目前在禽类基因水平上有关控制采食量和能量消耗的知识。已经确定了高度集成的监管系统，该系统将进料控制与能量状态检测联系在一起。目前正在探索这种系统在家禽中的功能。最近在鸡中鉴定出的一个例子是腺苷单磷酸激活的蛋白激酶途径，该途径将能量感应与代谢活性的调节联系起来，以在细胞水平上维持能量稳态。在下丘脑中，这种相同的途径也可能在调节饲料摄入量和能量消耗方面发挥重要作用，而饲料摄入量和能量消耗应与感知到的全身能量需求相称。编码关键调节因子（例如激素，神经肽，受体，酶和转录因子）的基因产生的分子成分构成了将外围组织与中枢神经系统连接起来的复杂且相互连接的神经，内分泌和代谢途径网络。此外，特定基因组的协调表达可以建立对激素，营养素和代谢物等因子作出反应并受其调节的功能途径。因此，在更好地了解调节禽类采食量和能量消耗的遗传和分子基础上，可以在开发，评估和管理更有效的商业家禽品系方面取得重要进展。

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