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Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering approaches to produce biofuels

机译：合成生物学和代谢工程方法生产生物燃料

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Synthetic biology has been utilized to metabolically engineer a range of microbial hosts including yeast and photoautotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria, in order to produce many types of biofuels, including long-chain alcohols, fatty acids, alka(e)nes, and isoprenoids. The general method employed in the studies cited herein to develop microbial biofuels is to characterize the enzymes, regulation, and thermodynamics of relevant native metabolic pathways and then to adjust or redesign those pathways around catalytic capabilities, cofactor pools, and other driving forces toward production of the desired compound. In some cases, overlap of production of several types of biofuels is possible from a single strategy with minor adjustments.145,155 The majority of maximal titers have been produced from engineered E. coli (Table 1), likely due to the thoroughly studied metabolism, genetic tools, and fast growth rate of the bacterium. Yields for microbial production of some advanced biofuels have achieved the levels of industrial relevance, while most are not yet encouraging for industrial scale production (Table 1). However, the proof-of-concept studies and incremental improvements in production titers indicate great possibilities. Advances in technology allowing for microbial genetic manipulation have increased exponentially over the past decade, along with understanding of enzymatic mechanisms, the driving forces behind a catalytic reaction, and especially the energetic balance required for efficient growth and production. The collective application of that information has presented a great opportunity for biologically synthesizing a range of compounds for use as chemical feedstocks74,235-237 and a wide array of biofuels. Microbes, especially bacteria, provide an ideal metabolic "factory" due to their incredible malleability and resiliency and their toolbox of evolutionarily honed central and peripheral metabolic pathways. Although more fastidious than other bacteria, photosynthetic cyanobacteria in particular offer an opportunity to generate valuable and useful products from some of the simplest and most abundant starting molecules usable by a living organism, at the same time decreasing the amount of a detrimental compound (CO2). Some impressive accomplishments in microbial synthetic biology to generate biofuels have already been achieved. However, recent studies of driving forces, activity of key enzymes,238 and energetic balance88 suggest that the full capacity for microbial biofuel production is yet to be realized.
机译：合成生物学已被用来代谢工程化一系列微生物宿主，包括酵母，光合自养和异养细菌，以产生多种类型的生物燃料，包括长链醇，脂肪酸，碱和异戊二烯。本文引用的研究中用于开发微生物生物燃料的一般方法是表征相关天然代谢途径的酶，调节和热力学，然后调整或重新设计围绕催化能力，辅因子库和其他驱动力生成甲烷的途径。所需的化合物。在某些情况下，仅需少量调整即可通过单一策略重叠生产几种类型的生物燃料。145,155大多数最大滴度是从工程化大肠杆菌中产生的（表1），这可能是由于对代谢，遗传和遗传学的深入研究工具，以及细菌的快速生长。一些先进生物燃料的微生物生产收益已经达到了与工业相关的水平，而大多数仍不鼓励工业规模生产（表1）。但是，概念验证研究和生产效价的逐步提高表明了巨大的可能性。在过去的十年中，随着对酶机制的理解，催化反应背后的驱动力，尤其是有效生长和生产所需的能量平衡，对微生物遗传操纵技术的进步也呈指数增长。该信息的集体应用为生物合成一系列用作化学原料74,235-237和多种生物燃料的化合物提供了巨大的机会。微生物，尤其是细菌，由于其令人难以置信的延展性和适应性，以及它们经过进化磨练的中枢和外周代谢途径的工具箱，提供了理想的代谢“工厂”。尽管比其他细菌更具挑剔性，但光合作用的蓝细菌尤其提供了机会，可以从生物体内可利用的一些最简单，最丰富的起始分子中生成有价值的有用产品，同时减少有害化合物（CO2）的量。 。在微生物合成生物学生产生物燃料方面取得了令人印象深刻的成就。但是，最近对驱动力，关键酶活性238和能量平衡88的研究表明，微生物生物燃料生产的全部能力尚待实现。

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