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首页> 外文期刊>Public health reports >Moving further upstream: from toxics reduction to the precautionary principle.
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Moving further upstream: from toxics reduction to the precautionary principle.

机译：向上游发展：从减少有毒物质到预防原则。

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摘要

Early policies to reduce the amount of toxic waste in the environment focused on cleaning up downstream sources of pollution, such as toxic disposal sites. Public attention in the 1980s encouraged both industry and government to develop an alternative to this command-and-control approach. This article describes the emergence of that alternative-pollution prevention-and its application in Massachusetts through the 1989 Toxics Use Reduction Act. Pollution prevention focuses on the sources of pollution, both metaphorically and physically, more upstream than its predecessors. The success of the Toxics Use Reduction Act in Massachusetts helped create an opportunity where an alternative pollution prevention paradigm could develop. That paradigm, the precautionary principle, is popular among environment activists because it focuses further upstream than pollution prevention by calling attention to the role the social construction of risk plays in decisions regarding the use of hazardous substances. The authors examine the evolution of the precautionary principle through an investigation of three major pathways in its development and expansion. The article concludes with a discussion of the increased potential for protecting public health and the environment afforded by this new perspective.
机译：减少环境中有毒废物数量的早期政策着重于清理下游污染源，例如有毒废物处置场所。 1980年代，公众的关注鼓励业界和政府共同开发这种命令与控制方法的替代方案。本文通过1989年《减少毒物使用法》描述了替代污染预防的出现及其在马萨诸塞州的应用。预防污染的重点是比其前任更上游的隐喻和物理污染源。马萨诸塞州《减少有毒物质使用法》的成功帮助创造了发展替代污染预防范式的机会。这种范式，即预防原则，在环境活动家中很流行，因为它通过关注风险的社会结构在使用有害物质的决策中的作用，比污染预防更关注上游。作者通过对预防性原则发展和扩展的三个主要途径的研究，研究了预防性原则的演变。本文最后讨论了这种新观点为保护公共健康和环境所带来的日益增长的潜力。

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