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The Effects of Varying Contextual Demands on Age-Related Positive Gaze Preferences

机译：不同的情境需求对与年龄相关的积极注视偏好的影响

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Despite many studies on the age-related positivity effect and its role in visual attention, discrepancies remain regarding whether full attention is required for age-related differences to emerge. The present study took a new approach to this question by varying the contextual demands of emotion processing. This was done by adding perceptual distractions, such as visual and auditory noise, that could disrupt attentional control. Younger and older participants viewed pairs of happy-neutral and fearful-neutral faces while their eye movements were recorded. Facial stimuli were shown either without noise, embedded in a background of visual noise (low, medium, or high), or with simultaneous auditory babble. Older adults showed positive gaze preferences, looking toward happy faces and away from fearful faces; however, their gaze preferences tended to be influenced by the level of visual noise. Specifically, the tendency to look away from fearful faces was not present in conditions with low and medium levels of visual noise but was present when there were high levels of visual noise. It is important to note, however, that in the high-visual-noise condition, external cues were present to facilitate the processing of emotional information. In addition, older adults' positive gaze preferences disappeared or were reduced when they first viewed emotional faces within a distracting context. The current results indicate that positive gaze preferences may be less likely to occur in distracting contexts that disrupt control of visual attention.
机译：尽管对年龄相关的积极作用及其在视觉注意中的作用进行了许多研究，但仍存在关于是否需要充分注意才能出现年龄相关差异的差异。本研究通过改变情绪处理的语境要求对这一问题采取了新的方法。这是通过添加可能干扰注意力控制的感知干扰（例如视觉和听觉噪声）来完成的。年龄较小的参与者在记录他们的眼动时会观看成对的快乐中立和恐惧中立的面孔。面部刺激显示为无噪音，嵌入视觉噪音（低，中或高）背景，或同时出现听觉嘶哑。老年人表现出积极的凝视偏好，朝着幸福的脸庞看去而远离恐惧的脸庞。然而，他们的视线偏好往往受到视觉噪音水平的影响。具体地说，在视觉噪声水平较低和中等的情况下，不存在从恐惧的面孔移开视线的趋势，而在视觉噪声水平较高的情况下，则存在这种趋势。然而，重要的是要注意，在高视觉噪声条件下，存在外部提示以促进情感信息的处理。此外，当老年人第一次在分散注意力的环境中观看情绪面孔时，他们的积极注视偏好会消失或减弱。当前的结果表明，在分散注意力的情况下，积极的凝视偏好不太可能发生，这会干扰视觉注意力的控制。

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