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Hypervalent silicon versus carbon: Ball-in-a-box model

机译:高价硅与碳:盒中球模型

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Why is silicon hypervalent and carbon not? Or why is [Cl-CH3-Cl](-) labile with a tendency to localize one of its axial C-Cl bonds and to largely break the other one, while the isostructural and isoelectronic [Cl-SiH3-Cl](-) forms a stable pentavalent species with a delocalized structure featuring two equivalent Si-Cl bonds? Various hypotheses have been developed over the years focusing on electronic and steric factors. Here, we present the so-called ball-in-a-box model, which tackles hypervalence from a new perspective. This model reveals the key role of steric factors and provides a simple way of understanding the above phenomena in terms of different atom sizes. Our bonding analyses are supported by computation experiments in which we probe, among other things, the shape of the S(N)2 potential-energy surface of Cl- attacking a carbon atom in the series of substrates CH3Cl, (CH2Cl)-C-center dot, (CHCl)-C-center dot center dot, and (CCl)-C-center dot center dot center dot. Our findings for ClCH3Cl- and ClSiH3Cl- are generalized to other Group 14 central atoms (Ge, Sn, and Ph) and axial substituents (F).
机译:为什么硅不是高价而碳不是呢?或为什么[Cl-CH3-Cl](-)不稳定,倾向于定位其一个轴向C-Cl键并大幅度破坏另一个,而同构和等电的[Cl-SiH3-Cl](-)形成稳定的五价物种,其带有两个等效的Si-Cl键的离域结构?多年来,已针对电子和空间因素开发了各种假设。在这里,我们介绍了所谓的盒中球模型,它从新的角度解决了超价问题。该模型揭示了空间因素的关键作用,并提供了一种根据不同原子大小理解上述现象的简单方法。我们的键合分析得到了计算实验的支持,在计算实验中,我们探索了Cl-攻击一系列底物CH3Cl,(CH2Cl)-C-中的碳原子的S(N)2势能表面的形状。中心点,(CHCl)-C中心点中心点和(CCl)-C中心点中心点中心点。我们对ClCH3Cl-和ClSiH3Cl-的发现被推广到其他第14组中心原子(Ge,Sn和Ph)和轴向取代基(F)。

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