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首页> 外文期刊>Quaternary Science Reviews: The International Multidisciplinary Review Journal >Quaternary glacial, lacustrine, and fluvial interactions in the western Noatak basin, Northwest Alaska
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Quaternary glacial, lacustrine, and fluvial interactions in the western Noatak basin, Northwest Alaska

机译：阿拉斯加西北部Noatak盆地的第四纪冰川，湖泊和河流相互作用

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The 130 km long Noatak basin is surrounded by mountains of the western Brooks Range. Middle and late Pleistocene glaciers flowing southeast into the basin dammed a succession of proglacial lakes defined by shorelines, outlet channels, and upper limits of wave erosion. More than 60 bluffs along the Noatak River and its principal tributaries expose glacial and glaciolacustrine sediments that exhibit cut-and-fill relationships with interglacial and interstadial river-channel and floodplain deposits. This report focuses on the western Noatak basin, where high bluffs created by deep postglacial erosion record four major glacial advances. During the Cutler advance, a floating ice tongue terminated in a large proglacial lake that filled the Noatak basin. The retreating glacier abandoned a trough along the valley center that subsequently filled with about 40 m of sediment during several younger glaciations and probably two major interglacial episodes. Alluvium that formed near the beginning of the younger interglaciation contains the 140,000 yr old Old Crow tephra. The subsequent closely spaced Okak and Makpik advances are clearly younger than the maximum of the last interglaciation, but they preceded a middle Wisconsin (36-30 ka) nonglacial interval in the Noatak basin. The Okak advance terminated in an extensive lake, whereas glaciers of the Makpik and the subsequent Anisak advances flowed into much narrower lakes that filed only the basin center. The Anisak advance, bracketed by radiocarbon ages of about 35 and 13.6 ka, represents the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the western Noatak basin. Correlations with the oldest and youngest glacial deposits of the central Brooks Range are clear, but relationships to events of intermediate age are more tenuous. Early Pleistocene and older glacial advances from the central Brooks Range must have filled the Noatak basin and overflowed northward through Howard Pass. A younger glacial advance, of inferred middle Pleistocene (Sagavanirktok River) age, extended down the Noatak valley into the basin center, but its deposits are deeply buried beneath the basin floor and must be older than the Cutler moraine. The Cutler advance may have been synchronous with the older of two advances of Itkillik I age in the Atongarak Creek area, but other evidence indicates that the Okak-Makpik moraine succession more likely was synchronous with the two Atongarak Creek moraines. Radiocarbon ages, surface morphology, soil and weathering profiles, and lake-level history all support correlation of the last (Anisak) major glacial advance in the western basin with the Douglas Creek moraine farther east and with Itkillik II (late Wisconsin) glaciation of the central Brooks Range. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. [References: 16]
机译：长达130公里的Noatak盆地被布鲁克斯山脉西部的山脉所环绕。向东南流入盆地的中更新世晚期冰川阻滞了由海岸线，出口通道和波浪侵蚀上限所界定的一系列冰湖。沿着Noatak河及其主要支流的60多个断崖暴露了冰川和冰川湖沉积物，这些沉积物与冰川间和陆间河道和洪泛区沉积物表现出充填关系。本报告的重点是西部的Noatak盆地，该地区深部的冰川后侵蚀造成的高断崖记录了四个主要的冰川进展。在卡特勒前进期间，一条漂浮的冰舌终止于一个充满诺塔克盆地的大型冰川湖。撤退的冰川沿山谷中心抛弃了一个低谷，随后在几次年轻的冰川和可能的两次主要的冰期间事件中充满了约40 m的沉积物。在较年轻的冰川间期开始时形成的冲积层中含有14万年前的老乌鸦Tephra。随后的间隔较近的Okak和Makpik推进明显比最后一次冰川融化的最大值年轻，但它们先于Noatak盆地中部威斯康星州（36-30 ka）非冰川期。 Okak推进器在一个宽阔的湖泊中终止，而Makpik冰川和随后的Anisak推进器流入了狭窄得多的湖泊，这些湖泊仅位于盆地中心。 Anisak推进带（约35和13.6 ka的放射性碳年龄）代表了Noatak盆地西部的最后一次冰期最大值（LGM）。与布鲁克斯山脉中部最古老和最年轻的冰川沉积物的关系很明显，但与中年事件的关系更为微弱。布鲁克斯山脉中部的早更新世和较早的冰川运动一定充满了Noatak盆地，并通过Howard Pass向北溢出。推测为中更新世（Sagavanirktok河）年龄的较年轻的冰川运动一直延伸到Noatak山谷，直至盆地中心，但其沉积物深深地埋在盆地底部之下，并且必须比Cutler冰m年龄大。卡特勒的上升可能与Atongarak Creek地区的Itkillik I年龄的两次上升中的较老者同步，但其他证据表明Okak-Makpik冰ora演替更可能与两个Atongarak Creek的冰synchronous同步。放射性碳年龄，表面形态，土壤和风化剖面以及湖平面历史都支持西部盆地最后一次（阿尼萨克）主要冰川进展与更东端的道格拉斯溪冰ora以及伊奇利克二世（威斯康星晚期）的冰川作用的相关性。布鲁克斯山脉中部。 （C）2000 Elsevier ScienceLtd。保留所有权利。 [参考：16]

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