In 2000, cigarette smoking was estimated to be responsible for approximately 5 million premature deaths worldwide (Ezzati & Lopez, 2000). In the United States, cigarette smoking is the major cause of preventable disease and has been estimated to result in more than 400,000 deaths annually ("Cigarette smoking," 2005) Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are smoking-related causes of mortality (Bergen & Caporaso, 1999; Centers for Disease Control U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004; Ezzati & Lopez, 2000).
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