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首页> 外文期刊>Canadian Journal of Zoology >Developmental mode in benthic opisthobranch molluscs from the northeast Pacific Ocean: feeding in a sea of plenty
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Developmental mode in benthic opisthobranch molluscs from the northeast Pacific Ocean: feeding in a sea of plenty

机译：东北太平洋底栖阿片类软体动物的发育方式：在充足的海洋中觅食

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摘要

Mode of development was determined for 130 of the nearly 250 species of shallow-water, benthic opistho-branchs known from the northeast Pacific Ocean. Excluding four introduced or cryptogenic species, 91% of the species have planktotrophic development, 5% have lecithotrophic development, and 5% have direct development. Of the 12 native species with non-feeding (i.e., lecithotrophic or direct) modes of development, 5 occur largely or entirely south of Point Conception, California, where surface watersare warmer, lower in nutrients, and less productive than those to the north; 4 are known from habitats, mainly estuaries, that are small and sparsely distributed along the Pacific coast of North America; and 1 is Arctic and circumboreal in distribution.The nudibranchs Doto amyra Marcus, 1961 and Phidiana hiltoni (O'Donoghue, 1927) were the only species with non-feeding development that were widespread along the outer coast. This pattern of distribution of developmental mode is consistent with the prediction that planktotrophy should be maintained at high prevalence in regions safe for larval feeding and growth and should tend to be selected against where the risks of larval mortality (from low- or poor-quality food, prédation, and transport away from favorable adult habitat) are higher. However, direct development, which includes the most derived mode of non-feeding development, was also correlated with small adult size, reflecting an association common in marine invertebrates. Planktotrophic development also predominates in decapod Crustacea from the northeast Pacific, but is less common in echinoderms and prosobranch gastropods from this region owing to the presence of lineages constrained by phylogeny to non-feeding modes of development.
机译：确定了东北太平洋已知的近250种浅水底栖鱼分支中的130种的发展方式。除4个引进或隐源物种外，该物种的91％具有浮游营养发育，5％具有营养营养发育，5％具有直接发育。在12种具有非饲喂（即营养养性或直接营养）发育方式的本地物种中，有5种主要或全部发生在加利福尼亚州Point Conception的南部，那里的地表水较温暖，营养成分较低，而生产力却低于北部;从栖息地（主要是河口）中已知有4种，这些栖息地很小，并且分布在北美太平洋沿岸稀疏; 1个是北极和绕圆角的分布。1961年的杜杜阿米拉·马库斯（Doto amyra Marcus）和菲迪亚娜·希尔顿（Phidiana hiltoni）（O'Donoghue，1927）是仅有的在外海岸广泛分布的非摄食性物种。这种发育方式的分布模式与以下预测相一致：在幼虫的摄食和生长安全的地区，浮游动物应保持较高的流行率，并应倾向于针对幼虫死亡的风险（低质量或劣质食品）进行选择，繁殖和远离成年栖息地的交通运输）更高。但是，直接发育，包括最衍生的非饲喂发育模式，也与成年个体较小有关，反映出海洋无脊椎动物普遍存在的关联。在东北太平洋的十足纲甲壳动物中，营养营养型的发育也占主导地位，但由于该系谱的发育受到系统发育限制为非进食的发育模式，因此在该地区的棘皮动物和亲支腹腹足类动物中较少见。

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