Quantification of the Mass Flux of H _2O Gas (Steam) at Three Active Volcanoes Using Thermal Infrared Imagery

Witter J.B.; Hernandez P.; Harris A.J.L.; Pérez N.

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Quantification of the Mass Flux of H _2O Gas (Steam) at Three Active Volcanoes Using Thermal Infrared Imagery

机译：使用热红外图像定量分析三个活火山上H _2O气体（蒸汽）的质量通量

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We apply a measurement technique that utilizes thermal video of vapor-dominated volcanic plumes to estimate the H _2O gas flux at three degassing volcanoes. Results are compared with H _2O flux measurements obtained using other methods to verify the thermal camera-derived values. Our estimation of the H _2O emission rate is based on the mass and energy conservation equations. H _2O flux is quantified by extracting the temperature and width of the gas plume from the thermal images, calculating the transit velocity of the gas plume from the thermal video, and combining these results with atmospheric parameters measured on-site. These data are then input into the equations for conservation of mass and energy. Selected volcanoes for this study were Villarrica in Chile, Stromboli in Italy, and Santa Ana in El Salvador. H _2O fluxes estimated from the thermal imagery were 38-250 kg s ~(-1) at Villarrica, 4. 5-14 kg s ~(-1) for Stromboli's Central Crater, and 168-219 kg s ~(-1) at Santa Ana. These compare with H _2O flux values estimated by other methods of 73-220, 3-70 and 266 kg s ~(-1), at the three volcanoes, respectively. The good agreement between thermal image-derived results and those estimated by other methods seem to validate this method.

机译：我们应用了一种测量技术，该技术利用了以蒸气为主的火山羽的热视频来估算三个脱气火山处的H _2O气体通量。将结果与使用其他方法获得的H _2O通量测量结果进行比较，以验证热像仪得出的值。我们对H _2O排放速率的估算基于质量和能量守恒方程。通过从热图像中提取出气体羽流的温度和宽度，从热图像中计算出气体羽流的传播速度，并将这些结果与现场测量的大气参数相结合，可以对H _2O通量进行量化。然后将这些数据输入到方程中，以节省质量和能量。本研究选择的火山是智利的比利亚里卡，意大利的斯特龙博利和萨尔瓦多的圣安娜。根据热像仪估计的H _2O通量在比利亚里卡（Villarrica）为38-250 kg s〜（-1），对于斯特龙博利中央火山口为5-14 kg s〜（-1），以及168-219 kg s〜（-1）在圣安娜。这些分别与在其他三个火山处通过其他方法估算的H _2O通量值73-220、3-70和266 kg s〜（-1）比较。热图像得出的结果与其他方法估计的结果之间的良好一致性似乎证明了该方法的有效性。

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《Pure and Applied Geophysics》 |2012年第10期|共15页
作者
Witter J.B.; Hernandez P.; Harris A.J.L.; Pérez N.;
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正文语种 eng
中图分类地球物理学;
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H _2O gas; infrared; Mass flux; Santa Ana; Stromboli; thermal imagery; villarica; volcano monitoring;

机译：H_2O气体;红外;质量通量;圣安娜（Santa Ana）;斯特龙博利（Stromboli）;热成像;维拉里卡（Vilarrica）;火山监测;

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1. Quantification of the Mass Flux of H _2O Gas (Steam) at Three Active Volcanoes Using Thermal Infrared Imagery [J] . Witter J.B., Hernandez P., Harris A.J.L., Pure and Applied Geophysics . 2012,第10期

机译：使用热红外图像定量分析三个活火山上H _2O气体（蒸汽）的质量通量
2. Mass and heat flux balance of La Soufriere volcano (Guadeloupe) from aerial infrared thermal imaging [J] . Gaudin Damien, Beauducel Francois, Coutant Olivier, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 2016,第juna15期

机译：空中红外热成像法测绘的La Soufriere火山（瓜德罗普岛）的质量和热通量平衡
3. A water flow model of the active crater lake at Aso volcano, Japan: Fluctuations of magmatic gas and groundwater fluxes from the underlying hydrothermal system [J] . Terada A., Hashimoto T., Kagiyama T. Bulletin of Volcanology: Journal of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth s Interior . 2012,第3期

机译：日本阿苏火山活跃的火山口湖的水流模型：来自潜在热液系统的岩浆气体和地下水通量的波动
4. Validation of the AVTIS volcano imager radiometry — A comparison of infrared and millimetre wave thermal imagery [C] . Macfarlane David G., Robertson Duncan A., James Mike R. 35th International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves . 2010

机译：验证AVTIS火山成像仪的辐射度—红外和毫米波热成像的比较
5. Integrating visible, near infrared and short wave infrared hyperspectral and multispectral thermal imagery for geological mapping at Cuprite, Nevada. [D] . Chen, Xianfeng. 2005

机译：整合可见，近红外和短波红外高光谱和多光谱热成像仪，以进行内华达州库珀特的地质填图。
6. Characterization of moderate ash‐and‐gas explosions at Santiaguito volcano Guatemala from infrasound waveform inversion and thermal infrared measurements [O] . S. De Angelis, O. D. Lamb, A. Lamur, -1

机译：根据次声波形反演和红外热测量对危地马拉桑蒂亚圭托火山中度灰烬和天然气爆炸进行表征
7. This article presents a new numerical model describing the behaviour of a thermally thick wood sample exposed to high solar heat flux (above 1 MW/m2). A preliminary study based on dimensionless numbers is used to classify the problem and support model building assumptions. Then, a model based on mass, momentum and energy balance equations is proposed. These equations are coupled with liquid-vapour drying model and pseudo species biomass degradation model. By comparing to a former experimental study, preliminary results have shown that these equations are not enough to accurately predict biomass behaviour under high solar heat flux. Indeed, a char layer acting as radiative shield forms on the sample exposed surface. In addition to this classical set of equations, it is mandatory to take into account radiation penetration into the medium. Furthermore, as biomass contains water, medium deformation consecutively to char steam gasification must also be implemented. Finally, with the addition of these two strategies, the model is able to properly capture the degradation of biomass when exposed to high radiative heat flux over a range of sample initial moisture content. Additional insights of biomass behaviour under high solar heat flux were also derived. Drying, pyrolysis and gasification fronts are present at the same time inside of the sample. The coexistence of these three thermochemical fronts leads to char gasification by the steam produced from drying of the sample, which it is the main phenomenon behind medium ablation. [O] . Pozzobon, Victor, Salvador, Sylvain, Bézian, Jean Jacques 2018

机译：本文提供了一个新的数值模型，该模型描述了暴露于高太阳热通量（高于1 / MW / m2）的热厚木材样品的行为。基于无量纲数的初步研究用于对问题进行分类并支持模型构建假设。然后，提出了一种基于质量，动量和能量平衡方程的模型。这些方程式与液体蒸汽干燥模型和假物种生物质降解模型耦合。通过与以前的实验研究进行比较，初步结果表明，这些方程不足以准确预测高太阳热通量下的生物量行为。的确，在样品暴露的表面上形成了充当辐射屏蔽层的炭层。除了这套经典的方程式之外，还必须考虑到辐射向介质的渗透。此外，由于生物质中含有水，因此还必须在炭蒸气汽化后进行连续的介质变形。最后，通过添加这两种策略，该模型能够在一定范围的样品初始水分含量下暴露于高辐射热通量的情况下，正确捕获生物质的降解。还得出了在高太阳热通量下生物量行为的其他见解。样品内部同时存在干燥，热解和气化前沿。这三个热化学前沿的共存会导致样品干燥产生的蒸汽产生焦炭气化，这是介质烧蚀的主要现象。

Quantification of the Mass Flux of H _2O Gas (Steam) at Three Active Volcanoes Using Thermal Infrared Imagery

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