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Dynamic Development of Hydrofracture

机译：水力压裂的动态发展

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Many natural examples of complex joint and vein networks in layered sedimentary rocks are hydrofractures that form by a combination of pore fluid overpressure and tectonic stresses. In this paper, a two-dimensional hybrid hydro-mechanical formulation is proposed to model the dynamic development of natural hydrofractures. The numerical scheme combines a discrete element model (DEM) framework that represents a porous solid medium with a supplementary Darcy based pore-pressure diffusion as continuum description for the fluid. This combination yields a porosity controlled coupling between an evolving fracture network and the associated hydraulic field. The model is tested on some basic cases of hydro-driven fracturing commonly found in nature, e.g., fracturing due to local fluid overpressure in rocks subjected to hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic tectonic loadings. In our models we find that seepage forces created by hydraulic pressure gradients together with poroelastic feedback upon discrete fracturing play a significant role in subsurface rock deformation. These forces manipulate the growth and geometry of hydrofractures in addition to tectonic stresses and the mechanical properties of the porous rocks. Our results show characteristic failure patterns that reflect different tectonic and lithological conditions and are qualitatively consistent with existing analogue and numerical studies as well as field observations. The applied scheme is numerically efficient, can be applied at various scales and is computational cost effective with the least involvement of sophisticated mathematical computation of hydrodynamic flow between the solid grains.
机译：分层沉积岩中复杂的关节和静脉网络的许多自然实例是水力压裂，它是由孔隙流体超压和构造应力共同形成的。本文提出了一种二维混合水力机械公式，以模拟天然水力裂缝的动态发展。数值方案结合了离散元素模型（DEM）框架，该框架表示多孔固体介质，并具有基于Darcy的补充孔隙压力扩散作为流体的连续描述。这种结合在不断演化的裂缝网络和相关的水力场之间产生了孔隙度受控的耦合。该模型在自然界中常见的水力压裂的一些基本情况下进行了测试，例如，由于受到流体静压和非静水构造载荷作用的岩石中的局部流体超压导致的压裂。在我们的模型中，我们发现由液压梯度产生的渗流力以及离散裂缝上的孔隙弹性反馈在地下岩石变形中起着重要作用。除了构造应力和多孔岩石的机械特性外，这些力还控制着水力裂缝的生长和几何形状。我们的结果表明，特征性的破坏模式反映了不同的构造和岩性条件，并且在质量上与现有的模拟和数值研究以及现场观察一致。所应用的方案在数值上是有效的，可以在各种规模上应用，并且在计算成本方面具有成本效益，而很少涉及固体颗粒之间的流体动力学流动的复杂数学计算。

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