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首页> 外文期刊>Pure and Applied Geophysics >Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: Performance of Tsunami Countermeasures, Coastal Buildings, and Tsunami Evacuation in Japan
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Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: Performance of Tsunami Countermeasures, Coastal Buildings, and Tsunami Evacuation in Japan

机译：从2011年东日本大海啸中汲取的教训：日本海啸对策，沿海建筑和海啸疏散的表现

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In 2011, Japan was hit by a tsunami that was generated by the greatest earthquake in its history. The first tsunami warning was announced 3 min after the earthquake, as is normal, but failed to estimate the actual tsunami height. Most of the structural countermeasures were not designed for the huge tsunami that was generated by the magnitude M = 9.0 earthquake; as a result, many were destroyed and did not stop the tsunami. These structures included breakwaters, seawalls, water gates, and control forests. In this paper we discuss the performance of these countermeasures, and the mechanisms by which they were damaged; we also discuss damage to residential houses, commercial and public buildings, and evacuation buildings. Some topics regarding tsunami awareness and mitigation are discussed. The failures of structural defenses are a reminder that structural (hard) measures alone were not sufficient to protect people and buildings from a major disaster such as this. These defenses might be able to reduce the impact but should be designed so that they can survive even if the tsunami flows over them. Coastal residents should also understand the function and limit of the hard measures. For this purpose, non-structural (soft) measures, for example experience and awareness, are very important for promoting rapid evacuation in the event of a tsunami. An adequate communication system for tsunami warning messages and more evacuation shelters with evacuation routes in good condition might support a safe evacuation process. The combination of both hard and soft measures is very important for reducing the loss caused by a major tsunami. This tsunami has taught us that natural disasters can occur repeatedly and that their scale is sometimes larger than expected.
机译：2011年，日本遭受了有史以来最大地震引发的海啸袭击。地震发生后3分钟宣布了第一次海啸预警，这是正常现象，但未能估算实际海啸高度。大多数的结构性对策并非针对M = 9.0级地震所产生的巨大海啸而设计;结果，许多人被摧毁，并没有阻止海啸。这些结构包括防波堤，海堤，水闸和控制森林。在本文中，我们讨论了这些对策的性能以及它们受到破坏的机制;我们还将讨论对住宅，商业和公共建筑以及疏散建筑的破坏。讨论了有关海啸意识和缓解的一些主题。结构性防御的失败提醒我们，仅结构性（硬性）措施不足以保护人员和建筑物免遭此类重大灾难的袭击。这些防御措施也许能够减轻影响，但应设计成即使海啸在它们上面也能生存下来。沿海居民还应了解困难措施的功能和限制。为此目的，非结构性（软性）措施，例如经验和意识，对于在发生海啸时促进快速疏散非常重要。适当的海啸预警信息通信系统和更多疏散避难所，疏散路线状况良好，可以支持安全的疏散过程。硬性措施和软性措施的结合对于减少重大海啸造成的损失非常重要。这场海啸告诉我们，自然灾害可以反复发生，其规模有时比预期的还要大。

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